| A | B |
|---|
| phenotype | physical makeup; first letter; Example: Tt means hybrid tall...The phenotype is T because you see tall |
| genotype | genetic makeup for a trait; both letters; Tt is the genotype for I see tall and it carries the message for short |
| Gregor Mendel | father of modern genetics |
| genetics | study of heredity |
| heredity | passing on of traits from one generation to another |
| fertilization | process meaning that the male and female reproductive cells join |
| true breeding | plants that produced offspring identical to themselves. This is caused by self pollination |
| filial | offspring; Filius and Filia are the Latin words for son and daughter |
| hybrids | offspring crosses between parents with different traits- example: a pure tall pea plant is crossed with a pure short pea plant. This would produce 100% Tt - hybrids. Tt is a hybrid or heterozygous for tall |
| genes | factors that determine traits |
| alleles | form of a gene. TT are the same alleles for height - they both are reading tall. Tt are contrasting alleles for height - I see tall and it carries short |
| Principle of Dominance | some alleles are dominant and some are recessive |
| segregation | separation of alleles |
| gametes | sex cells; sperm and ovum (egg) |
| Principle of Probability | can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses |
| punnett square | diagram that shows gene combinations; can be used to predict the genetic variations that will result from a cross |
| Homozygous | Another term that we use is PURE. It is organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait...TT or tt. Homozygous or pure are true breeding for a particuar trait |
| Heterozygous | We have been using the word HYBRID for it. It is organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait...Tt |
| Principle of Segregation | the alleles for different genes usually segregate (separate) independently from one another |
| Incomplete Dominance | No allele is dominant over the other. For example: a red colored rose is NOT dominant over a white colored rose. The result will have pink in it. |
| Codominance | Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. This is the problem that you must use a C with the other letters. An example would be the Roan colored cattle. These cattle LOOK 2 colors...RED (brown) and WHITE. |
| multiple alleles | many genes have more than 2 alleles. Two good examples are as follows: Rabbit coat color is determined by a single gene with at least 4 different allele. The other example is the human blood type |
| polygenic traits | many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. Examples are: Our skin color is controlled by at least four different genes |
| Diploid number | A full set of chromosomes. A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes; 2n is how we represent it; our 2n = 46. We have 46 chromosomes per body cell |
| Haploid Number | a single set of chromosomes; 1/2 the amount of the diploid number. Our n = 23. We have 23 chromosomes per sex cell |
| Meiosis | the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes. It is the formation of gametes |
| Crossing Over | The crossing over of alleles...The exchange of information by alleles when crossing over occurs. It results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles |
| gene linkage | chromosomes assort indepently - genes can be linked. For example: a fruit fly that has reddish orange eyes will most likely have miniature wings |
| gene maps | location of each gene on a chromosome |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | proved gene linkage |
| Mitosis | results in the production of two genetically identical daughte cells to the mother cell. If the mother cell has 46 chromosomes so will the daughter cells |
| What are the gametophytes of Tt? | Answers should be in circles: T and t |
| What is the genotype ratio of Tt X Tt | 25% TT: 50%Tt: 25%tt---1:2:1 |
| What is the phenotype percentage of tall in the problem: Tt x TT? | 100% |
| Different forms of a gene are called ? | Alleles |
| If a homozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant are crossed...what is the result? | 100% hybrids (Tt); the recessive trait seems to disappear |
| Organisms that have 2 identical alleles are called ? | homozygous |
| A situation in which a gene has more than 2 alleles is called ? | multiple alleles |
| To maintain the chromosome number of an organism, the gametes must be produced by what process? | be produced by meiosis |
| A gene map shows? | the relative locations of genes on a chromosome |
| What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis? | it halves |
| Which ratio did Mendel find in his F2 generation? His F1 generation was caused by Pure homologous parent (TT) crossed with a pure homologous recessive parent (tt) | The phenotype ratio would be 3:1 and the genotype ratio would be 1:2:1 |
| Two pink flowering plants are crossed. The offspring flowers are as follows: 25% red:50%pink: 25%white. What pattern of inheritance, in other words, what type of problem, does the flower color in these flowers follow? | incomplete dominance |
| Suppose that an organism has a 2n = 8. What is the amount for that organisms' gametes? | n=4 |
| zygote | Fertilized egg |
| What is meant by "Roan?" | Two colors - red (brown) and white are both showing. Roans are calculated by codominant type problems |
| A fertilized egg in a plant is called a what? | seed |
| Cross a roan with a roan. What is the phenotype ratio of red to white? | 1:1...it is not 3:1 because C-R/C-W = roan not red |
| Cross a pure tall pea plant with a pure short pea plant. What is the phenotype percentage of short? | 0% |
| Cross a pink rose and a white rose. What is the % of hybrid red roses? | 0%----a red rose and a white rose form pink roses |
| Male part of a flower | Stamen |
| Female part of a flower | Pistil or Carpal |
| The term that means the pollen of one plant fertilizes the ovary of another flower | Cross Pollination |
| T or F: In meiosis, the diploid cell forms 4 haploid cells | True |
| T or F: Pink is a hybrid | False |
| T or F; Roans are an example of incomplete dominance | False |
| T or F: Pollen is a gamete | True |
| T or F: All orgnaisms body cells' are diploid | True |
| T or F: Events in genetics are governed by the laws of probability. | True |
| T or F: Mitosis leads to Meiosis | False |
