| A | B |
|---|
| Muhammad | prophet and founder of Islam |
| Mecca | holy city of Islam to which all Muslims must make a pilgrimage at least once |
| hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca [5th Pillar] required of all Muslims |
| hiijra | journey Muhammad made from Mecca to Medina |
| Allah | Arabic word for God |
| Five Pillars | Code of conduct for Muslims including: Belief in One God; prayer 5x daily; fasting during Ramadan; Alms to the poor; Pilgrimage to Mecca [hajj] |
| Quran | holy book of Islam |
| mosque | place of worship for Muslims |
| Sharia | Islamic law system |
| Crusades | series of holy wars by Europeans to gain back the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| Holy Land | Palestine [Israel], especially Jerusalem [where Jesus lived]; holy to Jews, Christians, Muslims |
| Urban II | Catholic Pope who called on European Christian knights to go on Crusade to gain back the Holy Land |
| Council of Clermont | Meeting by the Catholic Church that called the Crusades |
| Suleiman | Ruler of the Ottoman Empire that based its laws on the Quran |
| Major similarities between Christianity, Judaism & Islam | Belief in One God; holy books [Bible, the Torah, the Quran]; Behavior Codes [10 Commandments, 5 pillars] |
| Territories conquered by Muslims | Arabian peninsula, North Africa, Spain, Persia |
| Why Arabs were able to conquer so much territory | Islam united them; Horse & Camel cavalry beat traditional armies; Byzantine & persian Empires weak |
| Life in Cordoba Spain different than Western Europe | Cordoba had trade & learning, paved streets, running water, stree lights, nice homes; European towns & aqueducts were destroyed by violence; trade & learning stopped; lived in shacks |
| Cause of Crusades | European Christians wanted to get back the Holy land from the Muslims |
| Reasons why Europeans joined the Crusades | Religious [get sins forgiven/help the church get back Holy land]; greed & adventure [kings & knights went to piller & plunder; serfs went to gain freedom |
| Effects of Crusades | An increased demand for goods from the middle East & Asia; Increased trade between Western Europe and the middle East; Cultural diffusion |
