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8th grade Science Chapter 15-17

AB
substancea type of matter with a fixed composition
elementall atoms have identity; a pure substance
compoundatoms of two or matters is combined in a fixed proportion
heterogeneous mixturemixture in which particles are seen easily
homogeneous mixturemixture in which particles are not seen easily
solutiona homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot be seen with a microscope and will never settle the the bottom of their container
colloida type of mixture of particles that are larger than those in a solution but not heavy enough to settle out
Tyndall effectthe scattering of light by colloid particles
suspensiona heterogeneous mixture liquid of particles that will settle the the bottom of their container
physical propertyany characteristic of a material that can be observed without change the identity of the substances that make up the material
physical changea changes in size, shape or state of matter
distillationthe process of separating substance in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing the vapor
chemical propertya characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change
chemical changea change of one substance to another
law of conservation of massthe mass of all substances that are present before a chemical change = the mass of all substances after the changes
kinetic theoryis an explanation of how particles in matter behave
melting pointtemperature at which a solid begins to liquefy
heat of fusionamount of energy required to change a substance form the solid phase to the liquid phase
boiling pointthe temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is waura to the eternal pressure acting on the surface of the liquid
heat of vaporizationthe amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point ot become a gas
diffusionspreading of particles throught a given volume until they are uniformly distributed
plasmamatter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles
thermal expansionincreae in the size a substance when the temperature is increased
buoyancyability of a fluid - liquid or gas - to exert an upward force on an object immersed in fluid
pressurethe amount of force exerted per unit area; SI unit is the Pa (pascal)
viscositya fluid's resistance to flow
First assumption of kinetic theoryAll matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)
Second assumption of kinetic theoryThese particles are constant, random motion
Third assumption of kinetic theoryThese particles are colliding with each other and the walls and their container
thermal energythe total energy of a materials particles, including kinetic ÐÐ vibrations and movement within and between the particles -- and potential -- resulting from forces that act within or between particles
Amorphous Solidshave no definite melting point. They liquefy over a temperature range
Liquid Crystalsmaintain some geometric order in the liquid state
PascalPressure unit
Volume - Pressure EquationP1V1 =P2V2
Charles' Lawthe volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature as long as the pressure doesn't change
Boyle's Lawthat if lthe temperature I constant, as the voume of a gas decreases the pressure increases. That at a constant temperature, as the volume of a gas increases the pressure decreases
The Pressure - Temperature RelationshipThis relationship describes how, at a constant volume, the pressure increases with increasing temperature.
atomsmallest piece of matter that still retains the propery of the element
nucleussmall, positively- charged center of an atom
protonare particles with an electrical charge of 1+
neutronare neutral particles that do not have a charge
electronare particles with an electrical charge of 1-
quarksmaller particles that make up protons and neutrons
electron cloudthe area around the nucleus of an atom where its electrons are most likely found
atomic numberthe number of protons in an atom
mass numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
isotopeatoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
average atomic massis the weighted-average mass of the mixture of its isotopes
periodic tableelements are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes in physical and chemical properties
groupvertical columns in the periodic table
electron dot diagramuses the symbol of an element and dots to represent the electrons in the outer energy level
periodhorizontal rows of elements on the periodic table
Most of the mass of an atomis contained in the nucleus
the mass of a proton and a neutronare approximately equal
the mass of an electronis neglibible when find the mass of an atom
atomic mass unitunit of measurement for atomic particles
the carbon - 12 isotopewas used to define the amu
the number of protonsidentifies the element
Medeleevcreated the periodic table


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