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| Matter exists in three DISTINCT states typically.What are those typical states of matter? | Gas, Liquid, and Solid. Plasma is a fourth but is extremely rare on Earth. |
| Under typical conditions, as compared to the other states of matter, relatively few substances exist in the ______?____ state. | gaseous |
| Here on Earth, we humans as does all other living beings above the sea, live immersed in a _____?________. | gaseous solution |
| Our atmosphere both supports life and also acts as a ________?_______ for the exhaust gases that accompany many industrial processes. | waste receptacle |
| The ____a?____ of our atmoshere shields us from harmful _____b?_____ from the sun and keeps the earth ______(c)?______ by reflecting heat radiation back towards ______(d)?_____. | (a) gases; (b) radiation; (c) warm; (d) Earth |
| There is great concern worldwide that an ______(a)_____ in atmospheric ______(B)________ , which is a product of the _______(c)_______ of _____(d)_____ , is causing a dangerous warming of the Earth. | (a) increase; (b) carbon dioxide; (c) combustion; (d) fossil fuels |
| What scientist call statements that show HOW the properties are related to each other in an observation? | laws |
| Any and all ____?_____ fills any container holding it completely. | gases |
| Beyond filling its container completely, gases are also easily _____?____ and mixes _____?______ with any other gases within the container. | compressed; completely |
| Likely the most obvious property of a gas is what? | it exerts pressure on its surroundings |
| As a gas, _____?_____ occupies about ________ times as much space as a liquid at 25 degrees celcius and atmospheric pressure. | water; twelve hundred |
| A device to measure atmospheric pressure, invented in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli. | barometer |
| Torricelli's barometer was constructed by filling a glass tube with ______?______ and then inverting it in a dish of mercury. | liquid mercury |
| At sea level, Torricelli's barometer measures what height in the column of mercury? | 760 mmHg |
| Atmospheric pressure results from the ____(a)____ of ____(b)____ being pulled downward toward the center of earth by _______(c)______. | (a) mass (b) air (c) gravity |
| What is the result from the "weight" of air on earth? | atmospheric pressure |
| True or false, atmospheric pressure is always 760 mmHg? | it is not always 760 torr, for example many times during a storm there may be a preceeding "low" |
| Atmospheric pressures can vary with many factors including differing ___?____. | altitudes....Greater distance from the center of a gravitational force will lessen pressure whereas positions located closer to the center source of the gravitional force will increase pressure. |
| What is meant by the statement that the air is "thinner"? | there is less air pushing down onto the earth's surface than is present at sea level. |
| Who invented a air pump that was used in a famous demonstration for the king of Prussia in 1663? | Otto von Guericke |
| What is an instrument used to measure pressure, most often it contains mercury and generally bases its units for pressure are based on the height of the mercury column ( in millimeters ) that the gas can support? | manometer |
| In honor of Toricelli, this unit is often called Torr. | mm Hg ( millimeter of mercury) |
| These two units are equivalent to each other and one(1) standard atmosphere (that is, 1 atm), what are theese two interchangeably used terms? | torr and mm Hg |
| 1 standard atmosphere = _____?____ atm = __________ mm Hg = ______ torr | 1;760;760 |
| Defined as Force per Unit Area | Pressure definition |
| Pressure = (______?____) / Area | force which is also pressure time unit area |
| Force divided by pressure | unit area ..The FUNDAMENTAL units of pressure involve units of force divided by units of area |
| 101,325 Pa = ___?____ standard atmosphere | one |
| 10^5 pascals is about __?__ | one atmosphere |
| Who was first to do quantitative experiments on gases? | Boyle |
| Using a J-shaped tube closed at one end, Robert Boyle studied the relationship between the ______?_____ of a trapped gas and its _____?_____ | pressure ; volume |
| 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = ____?___ in Hg (inches of Mercury rise in column) | 29.92 |
| 1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = ____?___ lb/in^2 ( pounds per square inch) | 14.7 |
| Boyle's Law formula | pressure times volume equals a constant "k" , that is, PV = k |
| At constant temperature, according to Boyle's law, as pressure is increased , volume does what? | decrease because of an inverse relationship between pressure and volume |
| At constant Temperature, according to Boyle's Law, a constant "k" divided by pressure yields what? | volume |
| At constant Temperature, according to Boyle's Law, a constant "k" divided by volume yields what? | pressure of gas |
| Boyle's Law holds precisely true ONLY at ________?________ | very low pressures |
| Measurements at higher pressures reveals that PV value is _______?_______, but rather , PV will _____?_____ as the pressure is varied. | constant ; varies |
| Definition of an Ideal Gas. | strictly obeys Boyle's Law |
| Boyle's Law is ________?________ for real gases. | only approximately true |
| wHAT IS A GAS THAT HAS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF ACID RAIN. | sulfur dioxide , SO2 |
| What is one common use of Boyle's Law? | predicting new volume of a gas when the pressure is altered at a constant temperature, or predicting the new pressure of a gas when its volume has been changed with a constant temperature. |
| In our calculations we will assume that gases do obey Boyle's Law unless stated otherwise .Why? | deviations from PV=k are so slight at pressures close to one atmosphere (1 atm) |
| According to Boyle's Law, two inconnecting chambers of gas such that chamber one has pressure P1 and volume V1 whereas chamber two has pressure P2 and volume V2, the relationship is displayed in the equation of P1V1 = ? | P2V2 |
| First person to fill a balloon with hydrogen gas. | Jacques Charles |
| Jacques Charles was first to inflate a balloon with H2 gas, but also he was first to do what other unique event. | solo balloon flight |
| Charles found in 1787 that the volume of a gas at constant pressure increases ____?_____ with bthe temperature of the gas. | linearly...a plot of gas volume versus celcius temperature of a gas with a constant pressure gives a straight line |
| degrees celcius plus 273 units gives what? | kelvin units |
| kelvin units minus celcius degrees yields what ? | 273 |
| The volume of each gas is _____?________ to temperature and extrapolates to zero when the temperature is 0 K | directly proportional |
| Allowing "b" to be a proportionality constant , what law relates volume to temperature of a gas? | Charles's Law |
| What is the formula definition of Charles's Law? | V = bT |
| What temperature am I? At temperatures below me, the extrapolated volumes would become negative. The fact that a gas can not have a negative volume suggests that I have a special significance. In fact, my better known name is ______?________. | 0 K ; absolute zero |
| Although absolut zero has never been successfully achieved, in fact--evidence actually suggests that 0 K can NOT be attained-----temperatures of approximately _________?_______ K have been produced in labs. | 0.000 001 K or about 1 / one-millionth of K |
| Another way of expressing Charles's Law concerning two chambers of gases. | V1/T1 = V2/T2 |
| Charles's law describes the dependence of the ____?___ of a gas on _____?___ at a constant ______?______. | volume ; temperature ; pressure |
| In 1811, I was an Italian chemist whom postulated that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of "particle". Who was I? | Avogadro |
| Volume equals number of moles of gas particles times a proportionality constant. | Avogadro's Law , V= an |
| This relationship is obeyed closely by gases at low pressures. | A gas at constant temperature and pressure will present a volume that is proportional to the number of moles of gas |
| V/n , that is, volume of a gas divided by number of moles of the gas | "a" , a proportionality constant for Avogadro's Law |
| Since the proportionality constant "a" is always the same value, we know that concerning gases in two chambers can be represented as V1/n1 = ? | V2/n2 |
| Given two chambers of gas, we can relate the volumes of the gases using Avogadro's Law by realizing that n1/n2 equals ? | V1/V2 |
