| A | B |
|---|
| Shape of DNA | Double helix (spiral staircase, twisted ladder) |
| DNA | Master molecule of life; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; it is found in the nucleus. It has acidic qualities |
| Fred Griffith | Demonstrated that some "chemical poison? transformed a harmless Rough Pneumonia Bacteria into a killer Smooth Pneumonia Bacteria |
| Oswald Avery | Proved that DNA was the transforming principle |
| Watson, Crick, Wilkins | Discoverers of DNA - shape and function of DNA |
| Thomas Morgan | Proved Gene Linkage |
| Rosalin Franklin | Actually saw the shape of DNA before Watson, Crick and Wilkins |
| The names of the four Nitrogen Bases of DNA | Adneine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine |
| Define Purines of DNA | Largest Bases of DNA - Adenine and Guanine |
| Define Pyrimindines of DNA | Smallest bases of DNA - Thymine and Cytosine |
| What holds the nucleotides together in a molecule of DNA? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| Base Pairing Rule | Adenine pairs with Thymine; Thymine pairs with Adenine; Guanine pairs with Cytosine; Cytosine pairs with Guanine |
| Erwin Chargaff | He gave us two rules: 1. That A is always = to T in DNA; T=A in DNA; C=G in DNA and G=C in DNA. Rule 2: That every organism has a specific ratio of (A+T):(C+G) |
| The backbone of DNA is made up of ? | Phosphate molecules and sugar molecules (deoxyribose). |
| Walter Sutton | Gave us the term "gene" |
| Transcription | The making of Messenger RNA (mRNA) by DNA |
| Purpose of reproduction of DNA | To make new cells that are identical to mother cell; to make a copy of the chromosomes. This replication occurs during Interphase |
| Where is DNA found? | In the chromosomes; in eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes are in the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the chromosomes are in the cytoplasm |
| Give the base pairs | A pairs with T; T pairs with A; C pairs with G and G pairs with C |
| What bond holds the Nitrogen bases together? | Hydrogen Bond...very weak |
| What makes up the rungs of the ladder of DNA? | Paired Nitrogen bases |
| What protein prevents the DNA from getting "knotted up?" | Histones - small protein orbs |
| Nucleosome | DNA + a histone |
| Chromatin | Material formed by DNA + a protein |
| Location of free nucleotides to make new DNA | Nucleotides are found in the nucleus |
| What is the process of DNA making messenger RNA (mRNA)? | Transcription |
| Codon | Language of mRNA; Three bases of mRNA (Messenger RNA) |
| Anti Codon | Language of tRNA; Three bases of tRNA (Transfer RNA) |
| Triplet | Language of DNA; Three bases of DNA |
| Types of RNA and where they are found | Messenger RNA is made in the nucleus and can enter the cytoplasm; Transfer RNA is only in the cytoplasm: Ribosomal Rna is in the riobosomes which are in the cytoplasm |
| Shape of mRNA | Single Strand |
| Shape of tRNA | "Clover" type shape |
| Polypeptide | Term for a large protein 'chain" |
| Point Mutation | A type of gene mutation; A Mutation occurs at a single point in the DNA sequence |
| Frameshift Mutation | A type of gene mutation; This is due to the shifting of the "reading frame" of the genetic message |
| Ribosomes | Protein building sites of the cell...protein synthesis |
| Chromosomal Mutations | Mutation on a chromosome; Change in the number or the structure of chromosomes |
| Polyploidy | An organism that has extra sets of chromosomes |
| Operon | A group of genes that operate together |
| Walter Sutton | Gave us the term "gene: |
| Bacteriophages | Are viruses that attack bacteria |
| Location of DNA in prokaryotes | In the chromosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Replication Fork | Area where DNA replication begins |
| Name of the enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides to the open strands of the DNA molecules? | DNA polymerase - this enzyme finds the free nucleotides in the nucleus and brings them to the complementary bases of the original strand of DNA. |
| An expressed gene is one that ? | This means that the gene is "ON;" Is expressed into RNA |
| Mutation | Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information |
| What does each codon in mRNA represent? | An amino acid |
| The process of decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain is known as what? | Translation |
| What did Hershey and Chases' work show? | 1. It showed that the DNA of the virus enters the host cell not the entire virus and 2. genes are probably made up of DNA |
| Hox Genes | Master gene; A series of genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo |
| Differentiation | Cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Operator | Makes represssors; Region to whic a repressor can bind, preventing transcription of genes |
| Introns | DNA contains sequences of nucleotides that are NOT involved in the coding of proteins; used in DNA fingerprinting |
| Exons | DNA sequences that do code for proteins |
| RNA Polymerase | Brings the nucleotides of mRNA to DNA to make mRNA; Similar to DNA polymerase; binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. It then uses ONE strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA |
| TATA Box | 30 or less bases of DNA s long; they go before the starting point of transcription |
| Lactose | Milk Sugar - Glucose + Galactose |
| Lac Operon | An operon required by Bacteria, E. Coli, to transport and metabolize the simple sugar Lactose. Bacteria does not waste E on lactose metabolism if lactose is not present |
| Helicase - an enzyme | Unwinds a portion of DNA; it is the enzyme that causes DNA to start unwinding |
| Methionine | Initiator Codon - begins the message of every polypeptide |
| Stop Codon | Ends the message of every polypeptide |
| During replication, which sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence TATGA? | ATACT |
| What is the codon of the DNA sequence TAG? | AUC - which would code for the amino acid leucine |
| mRNA codes for what? | The name of the amino acid |
| Template means what? | Pattern |
| The role or function of DNA | DNA, nucleic acid, contains the genetic instuctions for the development and functioning of all known organisms including some viruses. Long time storage of information. Also has instructions to make components of cells including proteins and RNA |
| Genes | Carry the DNA segments for genetic information. A gene controls A hereditary characteristic |
| Role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Selects the amino acids necessary for a protein. These amino acids are in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| role of Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Carries the name or code for an amino acid; It is made in the nucleus by DNA (transcription); It leaves the nucleus to go into the cytoplasm where it dictates the order that the amino acids must be in to form a particular protein. The ribosomes read the message on messenger RNA in order to make a protein |
| Role of Ribosomal RNA | Reads the amino acids as tRNA brings it to mRNA (which is resting on a ribosome); Found only in the ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm. rRNA carries out the attaching process of each amino acid to the other |
| Protein Synthesis | Process of making a protein |
| Purpose of Replication of DNA | This process ensures that each resulting cellwill have a complete set of DNA molecules |
| Define a nucleotide | A phosphate molecule is attached to a sugar (deoxyribose) moleucle which is attached to the Nitrogen base |
| Polymer of DNA | DNA |
| Monomer of DNA | Nucleotide |
| Name the purines of RNA | Adnenine and Guanine |
| Name the pyrimidines of RNA | Uracil and Cytosine |
| Virulent | The ability to infect |
| Lytic Cycle | Destructive cycle |
| Lysogneic Cycle | Non destructive cycle |
| Translation | The reading or translating of the amino acids by rRNA (in the ribosomes) |
| Ribosomes | This organelle moves during translation; it is the site of protein synthesis (making of a protein). They contain rRNA |
| DNA polymerase | Brings the free nucleotides of DNA to the strand of DNA that will accept them |
| Replication Fork | Site where DNA replication occurs and where transcription occurs; it is caused by the DNA unwinding due to helicase |
| Shape of rRNA | Permanent structure of a ribosome and it is single stranded. |
| If Thymine = 35%, what does A, G and C =? | A = 35%, G = 15% and C = 15% |
| What is used for DNA fingerprinting? | Introns |
| T or F: only eukaryotic cells have TATA boxes | true |
