| A | B |
|---|
| stimulus | something that produces a reaction |
| response | a reaction |
| conditioning | learning |
| classical conditioning | simple form of learning in which one stimulus comes to call forth the response |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned |
| unconditioned response | automatic response |
| conditioned response | a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless |
| conditioned stimulus | a learned stimulus |
| taste aversion | a learned avoidance of a particular food |
| extinction | occurs when the conditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | when an organism displays responses that were extinguished earlier |
| generalization | the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar |
| discrimination | the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other |
| flooding | a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished |
| systematic desensitization | used to help people overcome their fears |
| counterconditioning | a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear |
| operant conditioning | people and animals learn to do certain things - and not to do others - because of the results of what they do. |
| reinforcement | process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again |
| primary reinforcer | reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism |
| secondary reinforcer | money, attention, and social approval |
| positive reinforcer | increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied |
| negative reinforcer | increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed |
| schedule of reinforcement | when and how often the reinforcement occurs |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs |
| partial reinforcement | a behavior is not reinforced every time it occurs |
| shaping | is a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction |
| latent learning | learning that remains hidden until it is needed |
| observational learning | observing and imitating others |
| chaining | each step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved |
| distributed learning | studying something regularly so the learning is distributed over several days or weeks |
| massed learning | learning something all at once, cramming |
