| A | B |
|---|
| Until 1500, knowledge of the universe was based on what authority? | Aristotle (earth centered) |
| Who earliest taught that the sun was the center of the universe? | Copernicus |
| Intellectual change in the 17th C was caused by what? | the development of scientific knowledge based on natural law rather than religion |
| Who is credited with beginning the modern study of astronomy? | Tycho Brahe |
| Who formulated the 3 laws of planetary motion? | Johannes Kepler |
| Who discovered the laws of motion and he supported Copernicus's theory? | Galileo |
| Who discovered the universal law of gravitation? | Isaac Newton |
| Who authored the book Principia (1687)? | Sir Isaac Newton |
| Who emphasized empirical, inductive reasoning? | Francis Bacon |
| Who stressed deductive mathematical rationalism and proposed "I think therefore I am"? | Renes Descartes |
| Which Christian religion most encouraged the pursuit of science? | Protestantism |
| Who wrote Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) that maintained govt's role only to protect the individual's pursuit of conscience? | John Locke |
| What was Lock's writing that laid the groundwork for the study of education and psychology | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
| Who promoted the idea that the mind is a blank slate and thus the human condition can be improved? | Locke in Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
| What was the purpose of a "royal society"? | to share and encourage new scientific knowledge |
| Who translated Principia into French? | Madame du Chatelet |
| To what do historians attribute the witch hunts of the 16-17th C? | disruptions created by religious division and warfare |
| What social were most often accused of witchcraft? | Older, peasant women |
| What was the handbook used to identify witches? | The Hammer of Witches |
| What is the life and institutions of pre 1789 Revolution called? | ancien regime or Old Regime |
| What were the chief social characteristics of the Old Regime? | tradition, hierarchy, a class group, privilege |
| In what eastern country did the serfs suffer under the harshest conditions? | Russia |
| What revolt was due to the serf's harsh conditions (1773-1775)? | Pugachev rebellion |
| Which English laws were meant to uphold the superior status of the aristocracy and landed gentry? | game laws |
| What Englishman is credited with agricultural improvement due to his seed drill and iron plow? | Jethro Tull |
| Who promoted crop rotation and growing folder feed on the fallow field? | Charles "Turnip" Townsend |
| What English movement turned peasants off the land to make more efficient use of the estates for agriculture/grazing? | enclosure movement |
| What event marks the decline of cottage manufacturing and the change to mass production in a factory setting? | Industrial Revolution |
| What nation had the first Industrial Revolution? | Great Britain |
| What key factors are needed for an industrial revolution? | resources, markets, excess laborers, agriculture revolution, transportation, |
| What was the first industrial mass producted product? | textiles |
| Who invented the steam engine? | James Watt |
| What economic and political theory drove European nations to acquire New World colonies? | mercantilism |
| What was the major West Indies cash crop? | sugar |
| What nation introduced African slavery into Europe? | Portugal |
| What nation introduced African slavery into the New World? | Spain |
| What famous trade route developed between Europe, African, and the New World? | triangle of trade |
| What war was between Britain and Spain over New World trade? | War of Jenkins's Ear (1739) |
| This war resulted in Austria's loss of Silesia to Prussia | War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) |
| This war ended with the Treaty of Aix-La_Chapelle (1748)? | Austrian Succession |
| She became monarch of Austria in 1740 | Maria Theresa |
| What was the name of the war between France and Britain's American colonies from 1756-1763? | French and Indian War |
| What was the name of the European war between France and Britain from 1754-1763? | Seven Years War |
| Name the king of Prussia who took Silesia and fought with the British during the Seven Years War? | Frederick II (the Great) 1740-86 |
| Who was the Prime Minister of Britain during the French and Indian War? | William Pitt |
| What was the greates British victory of the French and Indian War? | Wolfe taking Quebec |
| What was the map changes in the Treaty of Paris of 1763? | Britain took all the French North American colonies (Canada) except Spain took Louisiana |
| How did the French and Indian War affect the relations between Britain and her 13 American colonies? | Implemented a new stricter colonial policy and ended salutory neglect |
| The American protest against British taxation was grounded in what political ideology? | Locke's Two Treatise on Govt, Engl Bill of Rights, and Whig rhetoric |
| Name the British Whig political who fled prosecution by the king for critizing corruption? | John Wilkes |
| The American Revolution will put in practice the ideals of what movement? | Enlightenment |
| What intellectual and cultural movement was a link between the scientific revolution and a new world view? | Enlightenment |
| What was the main reforms demanded by Enlightenment writers? | reform of religion, monarchy, society, economy, and for human liberty |
| Enlightened thinkers believed what two key ideas would lead to improvement of society and humanity? | the use of reason to uncover the natural laws of the universe |
| Enlightened thinkers most admired what two intellectuals work? | Newton and Locke |
| What writing by Locke maintained that all ideas are derived from experience, hence a "tabula rasa"? | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
| Name the group most identified with the enlightenment | French philosophes |
| What two social settings most encouraged the spread of enlightened ideas? | coffeehouses and women's salons |
| Who wrote Candide (1759) which was a satire on the French monarchy and church? | Voltaire |
| What was the philosophes new religion? | deism |
| What publication is the best example of the Enlightenment's emphasis on gaining and spreading knowledge? | Diderot's Encyclopedia (1751) |
| What Enlightenment writing criticized the use of torture and capital punishment | Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment |
| Who were the French economic reformers that proposed consolidation of small farms for greater efficiency? | physiocrats |
| Who authored the Wealth of Nations (1776) | Adam Smith |
| Adam Smith was a proponent of what type of economics? | laissez-faire |
| European nations implemented what economic policy concerning colonies? | Mercantilism |
| What enlightened philosophe wrote The Spirit of Laws which emphasized the separation of powers | Montesquieu |
| Who authored The Social Contract? | Rousseau |
| The famous line "All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains" comes from what author and work? | Rousseau's Social Contract |
| The political concept that societyis more important than its individual members comes from what author and work? | Rousseau's Social Contract |
| Name the Rousseau writing that concentrates on education; early childhood should be spent freely experiencing the environment. | Emile |
| What position did Rousseau take on women's equality? | Women occupied a separate sphere to men (domestic and capapity for love) |
| Who wrote A vindication of the Rights of Woman? | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| According to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, why do women APPEAR to be inferior to men? | they lack the same education as men |
| How did enlightened despots strengthen their power and nation during the Enlightenment period? | They implemented limited reforms in the areas of education, religious toleration, and the merit system for military and govt. bureaucacy |
| What enlightened monarch was instructed by Voltaire? | Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) |
| What was Frederick the Great's best example of enlightened reform? | Greatest religious toleration of all monarchs |
| What reform caused Joseph II of Austria to have mounting conflict with the nobles? | abolishing serfdom |
| What caused Catherine the Great to repeal her reform on serfdom? | the Pugachev uprising |
