| A | B |
|---|
| Energy | Ability to cause matter to move or change |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy had b/c of motion |
| Potential Energy | Energy had b/c of position |
| Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations |
| System | collection of related objects that can be studied |
| Closed System | No energy or matter can pass through from the outside |
| Open System | System that exchanges matter and energy w/ its surroundings |
| !st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another |
| Entropy | The amount of unavailable energy in a system |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Disorder in the universe constantly increases; in a closed system, energy tends to be converted to less organized (more stable) forms |
| Photosynthesis | Process of converting light energy to chemical energy |
| Chemosynthesis | Process that converts inorganic chemical energy to organic chemical energy |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that harbest energy from either sunlight or chemicals |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that cannot harvest energy directly from sunlight or inorganic molecules but consume food instead |
| Cellular Respiration | Series of chemical reactions that converts energy stored in food to a more useful form |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | Chemical reactions that pass electrons from one atom or molecule to another |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Chemical Reaction | When chemical bonds between atoms are broken or formed, resulting in the formation of one or more different substances |
| Reactants | Substances that are combined or broken apart during chemical reactions |
| Products | The new substances that form |
| Free Energy | Energy from chemical ractions that drives cell activites |
| Exergonic Reaction | A reaction that releases free energy |
| Endergonic Reaction | A reaction that absorbs free energy |
| Activation Energy | The extra energy required to break existing chemical bonds and to initiate a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | A substance that alters a chemical reaction so that it can proceed at a lower activation energy |
| Catalysis | Process of of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction through the use of a catalyst |
| Enzymes | Catalysts used by cells to trigger and control particular chemical ractions |
| Substrates | Reactant molecules to which an enzyme binds |
| Biochemical Pathway | An ordered series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that forms a produc in a step-by-step manner |
| Coupled Reaction | Endergonic reaction that is driven by the splitting of ATP molecules |
| Coenzyme | Nonprotein molecule that assists an enzyme in carrying out a reaction |
| NAD+ | Important coenzymes in cell metabolism |
| NADH | NAD+ plus a hydrogen atom from the active site of an enzyme |
| Feedback Inhibition | The shutting down of a biochemical pathway caused by a key enzyme's sensitivity to the level of the pathway's product |
