| A | B |
|---|
| Thermoregulation | The maintenance of internal temperature within narrow/tolerable limits; aided by several adaptations |
| Osmoregulation | The control of the gain and loss of water and solutes |
| Excretion | The disposal of nitrogen-containing wastes |
| Conduction | Transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact (e.g., a lizard on a hot rock) |
| Convection | Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface |
| Radiation | The emission of electromagnetic waves; can transfer heat between objects that are not in direct contact (e.g., sunlight). |
| Evaporation | The loss of heat from a surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as a gas |
| Metabolic Heat Production | The heat generated by the cells themselves; also includes heat generated by whole muscles moving together (e.g., shivering) |
| Thermoregulation via insulation | Hair, fur, feather, fat layers, blubber |
| Circulatory adaptations facilitating thermoregulation | Dilation/constriction of surface blood vessels, countercurrent heat exchange in some animals |
| Evaporative cooling adaptations | Panting, sweating, spreading saliva on body surfaces |
| Countercurrent heat exchange | Arteries carrying warm blood from the heart also warm cold blood from veins returning to heart; maintains core body temperature |
| Osmoconformers | Animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of seawater (e.g., some sea-dwelling animals) |
| Osmoregulators | Animals that have body fluids whose solute concentrations differ from that of their environment (e.g., freshwater animals) |
| Ammonia | A nitrogenous waste; highly toxic, water soluble, most aquatic animals have this form |
| Urea | A nitrogenous waste; less toxic, water soluble, mammals, amphibians, sharks have this form |
| Uric acid | A nitrogenous waste; less toxic; water insoluble; secreted as semisolid; most birds have this form |
| Urinary system | Plays a central role in homeostasis, forms and excretes urine while regulating the amount of water and ions in the body fluids |
| Filtrate | The fluid extracted from blood by the kidneys; consists of water, urea, and a number of valuable solutes |
| Ureter | The tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Urethra | The tube from the urinary bladder to the external environment |
| Renal medulla | Inner layer of the kidney; high solute concentration |
| Renal cortex | Outer layer of the kidney; low solute concentration |
| Renal pelvis | A chamber that urine from the medulla (inner kidney) empties into |
| Nephrons | The functional unit of the kidney, performing its work “in miniature” – extracting filtrate from the blood and refining it |
| Bowman’s capsule | The cup-shaped receiving end (input end) of the nephron |
| Collecting duct | The output end of the nephron; where final adjustments are made before emptying into the renal pelvis |
| Glomerulus | A ball of capillaries that is enveloped by the Bowman’s capsule; together forming the blood-filtering unit |
| Proximal tubule | The “near” tube, helps refine the filtrate. Located in the cortex (outer layer). |
| Distal tubule | The “far” tube, also helps refine the filtrate. Located before the collecting duct. |
| Loop of Henle | The “hairpin” loop that plunges towards the medulla (inner layer of kidney) |
| Filtration | When water and other small molecules are forced through capillary wall in the glomeruli; entering nephron tubules |
| Reabsorption | When water or solutes are reabsorbed into the blood from the nephron tubules |
| Secretion | When the blood secretes water, solutes or toxins for disposal in the nephron tubules (urine) |
| ADH | Anti-diuretic hormone. Causes you to retain water. |
