| A | B |
|---|
| biotic | features of the environment that are alive, or were once alive |
| abiotic | nonliving, physical features of the environment such as air,water,soil,sunlight,temperature and climate |
| water cycle | involves evaporation, condensation and precipitation(see diagram on pae 729) |
| nitrogen cycle | nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted to a soil compound that plants can use(see diagram on page 730) |
| food chains | a way of showing how matter and energy pass from one organism to another |
| producers(plants, algae;etc) | the first step in a food chain |
| herbivores-animals that consume producres | second step |
| carnivores and omnivoes-animals that eat other consumers | the third and higher steps in the food chain |
| food web | shows all the possible feeding relationships among the organisms ina community |
| hereditary | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| purebred | an offspring that was given the same gentic information from each parent |
| hybrid | an offspring that was given different genetic informaion for a trait from each parent |
| dominant(capital letter) | describes a trait that covers over another form of a trait |
| recessive(lower case letter) | a trait that is covered by another form of that trait and seems to disappear(blue eyes0 |
| Punnett Square | an organism;'s gentic make-up (DD or Dd or dd) |
| incomplete dominance | the production of a a phenotype that is intermediate between the two heterozygous parents |
| polygenic inheritance | this occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait such as eye color or height |
| genetic engineering | the biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of a gene's DNA to improve crop production, produce large amys of medicine and change how cells perform their normal function |
| Mendel | father of genetics-he was the 1st to use probability to explain heredity |
| mutations | changes that cause a trait to be expressed differnetly(could be caused by exposure to x-rays, chemicals |
| recessive gentic disorders | both parents have the same recessive gene and it is passed to the offspring..can cause disorder like cystic fibrosis |
| recombinant DNA | insert useful segment of DNA from 1 organism into bacteria(ex: making insulin) |
| gene therapy | normal allele placed into a virus |
