| A | B |
|---|
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | defines citizenship; forbids states from denying rights to citizens |
| 15th Amendment | gives the vote to former slaves |
| Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights | the Supreme Court using the due process clause of the 14th Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to the states (Gitlow v. New York; Wolf v. Colorado; Mapp v. Ohio; Gideon v. Wainright; Miranda v. Arizona) |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | The Court ruled that slaves were property |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | established the "separate but equal" doctrine |
| Brown v. the Board of Ed | "separate but equal was inherently unequal." Ordered an end to school segregation |
| De facto segregation | segregation of schools, housing, and other facilities through circumstances, not as a result of law |
| De jure segregation | segregation resulting from laws passed and decisions made by the courts |
| Martin Luther King jr | the main spokesperson for the civil reights movement of the 1950s |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | discrimination in public accomodations based on race, religion, national origin is illegal; discimination in employment illegal if based on race, religion or national origin; created teh EEOC |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. US | Congress has the authority to regulate interstate commerce "in relation to the interstate flow of goods and people" |
| 24th Amendment | banned all poll taxes |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Gave the attorney general the power to determine which states were in violation of discriminating against African American voters |
| Equal Opportunity Act of 1964 | gave funding for education and work training to fight poverty (part of LBJ's Great Society) |
| The Fair Housing Act of 1968 | banned discrimination in housing based on race |
| Civil Rights Act of 1991 | strengthened teh 1964 Civil Rights Act by providing damages to individuals who were intentionally discriminated against |
| The Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 | bans discriminatino in federal funding in relief operations |
| Affrimative Action | giving equal opportuntiy to individuals to attend schools, obtain employment, and housing that were denied because of race (level the playing field) |
| Regents of the University of CA v. Bakke | The Court decided that quotas were unconstitutional but that race could be used as a factor for admission to colleges and universities |
| Green v. County School Board of Kent County, VA (1968) | required affirmative action program to achieve school integration |
| City of Richmond v. JA Croson Co. (1989) | struck down a Richmond, VA affirmative action program because the state did not show a compelling interest in creating one |
| Metro Boradcasting Inc v. FCC | upheld the FCC's decision to award a broadcasting license to a minority group, in order to create diversity |
| Gratz v. Bollinger/Grutter v. Bollinger ( The Univesity of Michigan cases 2003) | the Court upheld Bakke; undergrad quotas are bad; grad school nuanced admissions program is OK |
| 19th Amendment | passed in 1920, gives women the right to vote |
| Equal Rights Amendment | goal was to establish a constitutional guarantee for women, similar to the original intent of the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause that gave equality to African Americans |
| Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 | no gender discrimination in any federally funded program (athletic and activity parity) |
| Breaking the glass ceiling | refers to women and minorities being able to break through what are considered unofficial barriers in business, the workplace, politics, and society |
| US v. Virginia | VMI (a federally funded school) had to accept women into its program (14th Amendment) |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) | Required employees, schools, transportation systems, public buildings to reasonably accomodate teh physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such tings as ramps, elevators, and other approp. accomodations |
| Defense of Marriage Act (1993) | made it illegal for states to recognize the legality of gay marriages |
| Bowers v. Hardwick (1993) | TX sodomy laws are constitutional; the case is reversed in 2003 (Lawrence v. Texas) |
| "Don't Ask Don't Tell" Military policy | Service personnel could be discharged only if they made a statement that they were lesbian or gay, engaged in physical contact with someone of the same gender, or married or attempted to marry someone of the same gender |
