| A | B |
|---|
| Study of tissues | Histology |
| Group of similar cells | Tissue |
| Main components of tissue types | Cells and matrix |
| Main components of matrix | Fibrous components & ground substance |
| Intercellular or interstitial material in tissues | Matrix |
| 3 types of matrix fibrous components (protein fibers) | Collagenous fibers (collagen), elastic fibers (elastin), reticular fibers |
| "white fiber", thick & tough | Collagen |
| "yellow fiber", thin & long | Elastic fibers (elastin) |
| "network" or "net-like" | Reticular fibers |
| Nonfibrous components - anything other than cells or fibrous protein in matrix | Ground substance |
| 4 primary tissue types | Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective |
| Commonly found in sheets, sometimes in clumps | Epithelial tissue |
| Cells are closely arranged, little or no matrix | Epithelial tissue |
| Has abundant intracellular proteins for contraction | Muscular tissue |
| Intracellular proteins for contraction; found in muscle tissue | Myofilaments |
| Has long cell processes (projections) | Nervous tissue |
| Usually abundant matrix; doesn't have as many cells | Connective tissue |
| Singular of epithelial tissue | Epithelium |
| Plural of epithelial tissue | Epithelia |
| Attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissue | Basement membrane |
| Special features of epithelia include these | Cilia and microvilli |
| How tissues are classified | Layering and cell shape |
| Layering classifications | Simple, pseudostratified, stratified |
| One cell layer thick | Simple |
| Appears multilevel, but could be just one layer | Pseudostratified |
| Multiple cell layers thick | Stratified |
| Type that most always has cilia | Pseudostratified |
| Cell shape classifications | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional |
| Cells that are flat (wider than tall) | Squamous |
| Cells that are approx. cube-shaped | Cuboidal |
| Cells that are taller than wide | Columnar |
| Cells that change shape (ex. in bladder) | Transitional |
| Found where there is diffusion, i.e. gas exchange | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Found in alveoli of lungs, capillaries, serous membranes | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Typically for protection | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Found in epidermis, lining of mouth, lining of esophagus, lining of vagina | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Found where there is secretion | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Found in ducts of glands, kidney tubules | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| May contain goblet cells and/or microvilli | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Functions include absorption of nutrients, secretion | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Lines entire digestive "tube" from stomach to anal canal | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Nuclei are near basal regions of cells | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Secrete mucus and found in simple columnar epithelium or pseudostratifed columnar epithelium | Goblet cells |
| Adjective of "mucus" | Mucous, ex. mucous membranes |
| Typically ciliated, appears stratified (nuclei are at varying distances from B.M. but actually cells are in contact with B.M) | Pseudostratified (ciliated)columnar epithelium |
| Found in lining of upper respiratory tract, ovaducts | Pseudostratified (ciliated)columnar epithelium |
| Peculiar stratified epithelial tissue designed to stretch and contract without tearing | Transitional epithelium |
| Found in bladder (appears squamous when full; cuboidal ("marshmallows") when empty | Transitional epithelium |
| Specialized to contract, contains myofilaments, made of proteins myosin & actin | Muscular tissue |
| Is striated (striped), certain arrangement of myofibrils give this appearance | Muscular tissue |
| Bundles of myofilaments (found in muscular tissue) | Myofibrils |
| Has very little matrix, mostly cells | Muscular tissue |
| Types of muscle tissue | Smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| Type of tissue described as "visceral" | Smooth muscle tissue |
| Found in walls of hollow organs (ex. stomach), walls of blood vessels, arrector pili (in skin), iris | Smooth muscle tissue |
| Involuntary, nonstriated, uninucleate, nuclei centrally located | Smooth muscle tissue |
| Attached to bones | Skeletal muscle tissue |
| Voluntary, striated, multinucleate, large | Skeletal muscle tissue |
| "Heart" tissue | Cardiac muscle tissue |
| Involuntary, striated, uninucleate, nuclei centrally located, can be branched | Cardiac muscle tissue |
| Has special junctions called intercalated discs | Cardiac muscle tissue |
| Used for quick impulse transmission in cardiac muscle tissue | Intercalated discs |
| Main cell type of nervous tissue | Neuron |
| 2 types of long cell processes | Dentrites and axons |
| Surrounds, supports, protects the neurons | Glial cells (neuroglia) |
| Another name for "soma" | Perikaryon |
| Most abundant tissue type | Connective tissue |
| Is widespread and diverse, most have abundant matrix | Connective tissue |
| Major cell types of connective tissue | Fibroblast/fibrocyte, macrophage, adipocytes, erythrocytes, leukocytes, mast cells, melanocytes |
| Cells that produce fibers (proteins) in connective tissue | Fibroblasts |
| Mature resting stage of fibroblast; surrounded by matrix it has made) | Fibrocyte |
| Specialized types of fibroblasts/fibrocytes | Osteoblasts/osteocytes (bone); chondroblasts/chondrocytes (cartilage) |
| Cell in connective tissue that performs phagocytosis ("cell-eating") | Macrophage |
| Fat-containing cell | Adipocyte |
| White blood cell | Leukocyte |
| Red blood cell | Erythrocyte |
| Pigment cell | Melanocyte |
| Cell that makes histamine | Mast cell |
| Functions as packaging and imbedding tissue | Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) |
| Found throughout the body, found deep to most epithelia | Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) |
| Contains all 3 fiber types, many different cells types, large amount of interstitial fluid | Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) |
| Modified specialized loose connective tissue; can often replace areolar tissue | Adipose tissue |
| Connective tissue that is the "exception to the rule" in that it contains mostly cells instead of mostly matrix | Adipose tissue |
| Found in hypodermis, yellow bone marrow, mesenteries | Adipose tissue |
| Attaches muscle to bone | Tendons |
| Joins bone to bone | Ligaments |
| Covering of muscle belly | Fascia |
| Located in tendons, ligaments, fascia | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Contains mostly collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibers packed in tight parallel bundles (may appear wavy) | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Fibroblast cells are "squeezed" between bundles of fibers in this tissue | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Located in dermis, perichondrium, periosteum, lining of bladder | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Looks similar to areolar tissue except is more tightly packed, has more collagen and fewer cells | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Most common type of cartilage | Hyaline cartilage |
| Located in cartilage of ribs, caps on ends of bone, cartilage in repsiratory system, nose | Hyaline cartilage |
| Collagenous fibers very closely packed and parallel; so regularly arranged that matrix appears "glassy" | Hyaline cartilage |
| Located in outer ear | Elastic cartilage |
| Similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers in addition to collangeous; looks like "big bubbles" | Elastic cartilage |
| Located in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis | Fibrocartilage |
| Contains densely packed collagen fibers and large chondrocytes | Fibrocartilage |
| Matrix is about 2/3 inorganic (calcium salts) and 1/3 organic (collagen) | Bone tissue |
| Main part of matrix is lamellae; cellular part is osteocytes | Bone tissue |
| Concentric rings of matrix surrounding Haversian canal | Lamellae |
| Tiny channels radiating outward from Haversian canal | Canaliculi |
| Tissue that is avascular and must rely on diffusion from nearby connective tissues for nutrients | Epithelial tissue |
| As chondroblasts produce matrix, they become encased in small capsules or spaces called this | Lacunae |
| Is avascular and surrounded by perichondrium that contains blood vessels to nourish chondrocytes by diffusion | Cartilage |
| Unlike cartilage, it is highly vascular; blood vessels are found in Haversian canals | Bone |
| Matrix consists of plasma (non-fibrous, mostly water) | Blood |
| Denucleated blood cells | Erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
| Most abundant cellular components of blood | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| Fragments of cells used in blood clotting | Platelets |
| Nucleated blood cells | Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
| Found in cross-section of round or oval blood vessel | Blood cells |
