| A | B |
|---|
| Hormones | Chemicals that help regulate the body’s functions such as energy use, metabolism and growth. Carried in the circulatory system. |
| Endocrine gland | Any organ that makes and secretes hormones (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, etc.) |
| Local regulators | Another type of chemical signaling molecule; secreted locally into the INTERSTITIAL FLUID, not into the blood |
| Neurosecretory cells | Certain specialized cells that perform functions of both the nervous and endocrine systems |
| Hydrophilic hormones | Those hormones that are “water + lovers,” meaning they are water-soluble; bind to receptor proteins on surface of target cells |
| Hydrophobic hormones | Those hormones that are “water + fearers,” meaning they are lipid-soluble; bind to intracellular receptor within target cells |
| Steroid hormones | Hydrophobic; Bind to intracellular receptors; Produced by gonads and adrenal cortex; turns genes on or off |
| Hypothalamus | Takes information from brain; passes on “orders” to pituitary gland in the form of “releasing” or “inhibiting” hormones (e.g., TRH) |
| Pituitary gland | Receives releasing hormones (RH’s) or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus; passes on “orders” to target glands (e.g., gonads) via “stimulating” hormones (e.g., TSH, FSH, GH) |
| Posterior pituitary | Extension of hypothalamus; composed of nervous tissue; releases OXYTOCIN and ADH |
| Anterior pituitary | Composed of endocrine cells; releases TSH, ACTH, FSH & LH, PRL, GH and endorphins directly into blood |
| ADH | Source: posterior pituitary. Regulated by water/salt balance. Promotes water RETENTION. |
| GH | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates body growth. |
| PRL | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates milk production. |
| FSH | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates sperm or ova production. |
| LH | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates ovaries and testes. |
| TSH | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3/T4. |
| ACTH | Source: anterior pituitary. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. |
| Oxytocin | Source: posterior pituitary. Regulated by nervous system. Stimulates uterine contraction. |
| Melatonin | Source: pineal gland. Regulated by light/dark cycles. Stimulates rhythmic activities. |
| T3/T4 | Source: Thyroid gland. Regulated by TSH from anterior pituitary. Stimulates and maintains metabolism. |
| Calcitonin | Source: parathyroid glands. Regulated by blood Ca2+ levels. Lowers, or “tones down" blood calcium. |
| PTH | Source: parathyroid glands. Regulated by blood Ca2+ levels. Increases blood calcium levels. |
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine | Source: adrenal medulla. Regulated by nervous system. Increases metabolic activities, blood glucose levels, constricts certain unneeded blood vessels (e.g., digestive tract during fight) |
| Glucocorticoids/Mineralcorticoids | Source: adrenal cortex. Regulated by ACTH and K+ in blood, respectively. Increase blood glucose and promote reabsorption of K+ in kidneys. |
| Insulin | Source: pancreas. Regulated by glucose in blood. Causes cells to burn up or store glucose; reduces blood glucose. |
| Glucagon | Source: pancreas. Regulated by glucose in blood. Causes cells to break down glycogen to glucose; increases blood glucose levels. |
| Progesterone | Source: ovaries. Regulated by FSH and LH. Promotes uterine lining growth. |
| Androgens | Source: testes. Regulated by FSH and LH. Promotes sperm formation, development of male sex characteristics. |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | “Level 2”: comes from the pituitary (anterior); tells thyroid gland what to do |
| Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH) | “Level 1”: comes from the hypothalamus; tells the pituitary (anterior) what to do |
| T3 | Also known as tri-iodo-thyronine. Produced by thyroid gland; has several homeostatic roles (i.e. maintaining metabolic rate, blood pressure, etc) |
| T4 | Also known as thyroxine. Produced by thyroid gland; has several homeostatic roles (i.e. maintaining metabolic rate, blood pressure, etc) |
| Parathyroid glands | Produce calcitonin and PTH. Acts on blood calcium levels. |
| Antagonistic hormones | Hormone pairs that oppose one another’s effects like calcitonin-PTH and insulin-glucagon. |
| Adrenal medulla | The INNER adrenal gland. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act in short-term stress responses. |
| Adrenal cortex | The OUTER adrenal gland. Produces glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids, which act in longer-term stress responses |
