| A | B |
|---|
| Isaac Newton | physicist who developed the laws of motion |
| Inertia | the resistance to a change in motion |
| Newton's 1st Law | An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion until it is acted on by an unbalanced force |
| Newton's 2nd Law | the unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object's mass times its acceleration (F = ma) |
| Newton's 3rd Law | for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force |
| Force (F) | a push or a pull on an object that will result in the acceleration of the objec. It is measured in NEWTONS (N) |
| Mass | the measure of an object's inertia or the quanity of matter it contains |
| weight | the measure of an object's mass depending on the gravitational force acting upon it |
| Speed (S) | a distance traveled in a given amount of time (S=d/t) |
| Velocity (v) | speed in a given direction |
| Acceleration (a) | a positive change in velocity (a=Vf - Vi / t) |
| Deceleration | a negative change in velocity |
| Momentum | is a property of a moving object that depends on its mass and velocity momentum (p)= mass (m) x velocity (v) |
| Gravitiy | the attractive force that exists between any two objects that have mass |
| Work | occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force W=Fd work is measured in JOULES (J) |
| Power | The amount of work that gets done in a certain amount of time Is measured in WATTS….P=W/t |
| Newton | A unit of force; the abbreviation is N |
| Joule | A unit for measuring work; the abbreviation is J |
| Watt | The metric unit of power |
| Simple Machine | Are unpowerd devices that make work easier by multiplying forces or changing the direction of forces |
| mechanical advantage | is the ratio between the force put into the machine and the force the machine puts out |
| Friction | the force that results from motion between two objects |
| Efficiency | the ratio of a machine's output work to input work |
| Lever | is a simple machine that consists of a bar that pivots at a fixed point |
| Fulcrum | fixed point on a lever |
| Wave | are means by which energy is transferred from one point to another |
| Transverse wave | vibrates at right angles to the direction of travel in up and down motion…examples include: visible light, ultra Violet light, x-rays, radio & microwaves |
| Longitudenal wave | Back and forth waves that can't exist without a medium to travel through…examples include: sound, slinky, spring and AC electricity |
| Crest | high point on a wave |
| Trough | low point on a wave |
| Amplitude | is the height of a wave from the resting position….as energy increases, amplitude increases |
| Wavelength | is the distance between two corresponding points on a wave…as the energy of a wave increases, wavelength decreases |
| Frequency | represents the number of waves that pass by a point every second…as energy of a wave increases; frequency increases |
| Hertz | unit to measure frequency of a wave |
| Reflection | means to bounce off a surface |
| Refraction | means to bend through an object |
| Polarization | a way of describing the direction (vertical or horizontal) that waves of light travel |
| Heat | A flow of thermal energy from one object to another due to temperature difference |
| Temperature | the measurement used to quantify the sensations of hot and cold |
| Specific Heat | is the amount of heat or energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius…depending on the type of material |
| Kinetic Energy | energy that comes from motion |
| Potential Energy | energy stored in an object due to its position…stretched rubberband |
| Gravitational | energy that is dependent on the object's height above the earth's surface… |
| Potential Energy | weight of an object also determines the amount of GPE is has: GPE= weight x height |
| Conduction | heat transfer from one object to another by direct contact…solids |
| Convection | heat carried from one place to another in a liquid or gas as moleculed move in currents caused by density differences…liquids & gases |
| Radiation | the transfer of heat energy through empty space (heat from sun)….infrared |
| Conductor | substances that transfer heat readily….metals |
| Insulator | substances that do not conduct heat…..wood, plastic, air |
| Renewable Resource | energy sources that can be replenished in a short period of time…includes solar energy, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal and biomass |
| Nonrenewable Resource | Energy sources that can not be replenished in a short period of time…includes fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil, natural gas and propane |
| Hydroelectric Power | Power generated by harnessing the energy of flowing water |
| Geothermal Power | Energy which comes from the Earth's core |
| Biomass | energy from wood, garbage, and agricultural waste |
| Solar Energy | energy from the sun |
| Nuclear energy | energy produced by the splitting of Uranium atoms |
| Fossil fuel | fuel such as oil that was produced from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment…before dinosaurs |
| Nuclear reactor | are machines that contain and control chain reactions, while releasing heat at a controlled rate |
| Petroleum products | products that are produced in an oil refinery…plastic, ink, gasoline, wax |
| Voltage (v) | the amount of potential energy that each unit of electrical charge has |
| Current (I) | the quantity that refers to the rate of flow of electric charges…amps |
| Resistance (R ) | the measure of an object's ability to conduct a current |
| Series Circuit | a circuit in which the current has only one path |
| Parallel Circuit | a circuit in which the current can take more than one path |
| Amperes (A) | the unit for measuring electrical current |
| Ohms | unit of measuring electrical resistance |
