| A | B |
|---|
| Columbian exchange | Global proliferation of plants, crops, animals, human populations, and diseases following Columbus' voyage. |
| Seven Years War | Conflict (1756-1763) in which Britain fought in Europe, India, North America, and Asia and established hegemony |
| Yermak | Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia. His exploration of Siberia marked the beginning of the expansion of Russia towards this region and its colonization. |
| Guanahani | was the name the natives gave to the island that Columbus called San Salvador when he first arrived at the Americas |
| Reconquista | Came to an end in 1942 the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Christian forces just weeks before CC set sail on his famous firs voyage to the western hemisphere. |
| “Christians and spices” | The reported answer of Vasco da Gama's men when questioned at Calicut about the reason for their long journey is well known: "Christians and spices", they allegedly replied. This close association between God and Mammon was the hall-mark of the empire founded by the Portuguese in the East, and, for that matter, in Africa and in South America. |
| Square sails | Enabled mariners to take full advantage of a following wind (a wind blowing from behind) although these sail did not work well in crosswinds. |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached the Indian Ocean. |
| Afonso de’Alboquerque | I sought to control the Indian Ocean trade by forcing all merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them with their cargoes. I was commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean. My forces punished violators of the safe conduct policy by cutting of their hands and executing them. My fleets seized Hormuz, Goa and Melaka in the early sixteenth century |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish military commander sighted the Pacific Ocean in 1513 while searching for gold in Panama but in the early sixteenth century no one knew how much ocean lay between the American and Asia. |
| Lateen sails | Triangular lateen sails were very maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well as from behind. |
| Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determining latitude. |
| Magnetic compass | Navigational instrument-Chinese invention of the Tang or Song dynasty that had diffused throughout the Indian Ocean basin the eleventh century |
| Wind wheels | Prevailing wind patterns in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans north and south of the equator; their discovery made sailing much safer and quicker. |
| Volta do mar | "Return through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents. |
| Tainos | A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus. |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who miscalculated the distance from Europe west to Asia and stumbled on an unknown landmass. |
| James Cook | I spent months I the tropical islands of Tahiti, Tango and Hawaii and by the time my voyages come to an end, European geographers had complied a reasonably accurate understanding of the world’s ocean basins, their lands and their people. I charted eastern Australia and New Zealand and added New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Hawaii to European maps of the Pacific. I led three expeditions to the Pacific. |
| Miguel Lopez de Legazpi | Spanish leader who approached the Philippines in 1565 and named the islands after King Phillip II of Spain. Overcame local authorizes in Cebu and Manial in almost bloodless contest because the Philippines had no central government and could not get organized to rise the intrusion |
| Henry of Portugal | Prince Henry-lberian monarch who set up navigation schools and hired cartographers to crete up-to-date maps |
| Joint-stock company | Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk |
| English East India company | was an early joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). It was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created HEIC a 21 year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one that virtually ruled India as it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions, until its dissolution in 1858 following the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. |
| VOC united East India Company | Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight. |
| Manila galleons | Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. |
| Vasco da Gama | I led a small fleet of our armed merchant vessels with 170 crewmen out of the harbor of Lisbon. I was a Portuguese mariner. I returned from India with a cargo of pepper and cinnamon that would motivate more European merchants to make the journey east. After 10 months at seas, I finally arrived at my panned destination of India. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | My crew and I sailed for four months without provisions and I was ultimately killed when I became involved in a local political dispute I the Philippines Islands. I discovered and sailed through a tricky straight near the southern tip of South America. I attempted to pursue Christopher Columbus’ goal of establishing a western route to Asia. Only 35 members of my original crew of 280 men survived the expedition but upon their return they completed the first circumnavigation of the world. Spanish mariner who crossed the Pacific Ocean and died in the Philippines but whose ships succeeded in circling the globe. |
| Francis Drake | Scouted the west coast of North America as far north as Vancouver Island in the sixteenth century |
| Jan Pieterszoon Coen | In 1619 founded Batavia on the island of Java to serve as an entrepot for the VOC. His plan was to establish a VOC monopoly over spice production and trade thus enabling Dutch merchants to reap enormous profits in European markets. By the late seventeenth century the VOC controlled all of the ports of Java as well as most of the important spice-bearing islands throughout the Indonesian archipelago. |
