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| The post reconstruction era is often called the ____________ _____________. | Gilded Age |
| Who coined the term "gilded age" | Mark Twain |
| How can the Gilded Age of American History be described? | It means covered with a thin layer of gold. It was a goldern period for America's industrialists. It helped to hide the problems of immigrants, farmers, and laborers and covered up the abuse of power in business. |
| What does the business term "laissez-faire" mean. | It is a French term that means allow to be |
| a payment made by the government to encourage the development of certain key industries is called a __________. | subsidy |
| This is a system where elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs without regard to qualifications. | spoils system |
| Who introduced the spoils system? | President Andrew Jackson |
| Who did the Republican party appeal to at this time? | industrialists, bankers, and farmers. It was stronger in the North and upper Midwest and was very weak in the South. |
| What did the Republican party have as a platform during this time period? | A tight money supply backed by gold, high tariffs to rotect businesses, generous pensions for U.S. soldiers, government aid to railroads, strict limits on immigration, and enforcement of the blue laws. |
| What were blue laws? | regulations that prohibited certain private activities such as drinking alcohol on Sunday. |
| Which people were attracted by Democratic ideals? | those less privledged, northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, and western farmers |
| What was the Democratic platform at this time? | An increased money supply backed by silver, lower tariffs on imported goods, higher farm prices, less government aid to big businesses, and fewer blue laws. |
| Republicans gained support by "waving the bloody shirt." What does this mean? | They brought up the Civil War that they blamed on the democratss and helped them hold on to the Presidency during the Post-Reconstruction period |
| Which President refused to use the spoils system and appointed qualified persons and fired those who were not needed, including some in his own party? | Rutherford B. Hayes |
| The government's non-elected workers are called ____________. | Civil Service Workers |
| In 1880, Republicans who defended the spoils system were called _________. | Stalwarts |
| Those republicans who hoped to reform the spoils system while remaining loyal to the party were called _______. | half-breeds |
| Why was President Garfield assassinated? | The assassin had expected to win a job through the spoils system. |
| Which President ended the Spoils system? | Chester A. Arthur |
| Did Arthur have a mandate to govern? | no, when you are elected to a position you have a mandate to govern because the people who elected you support what you stand for and your policies. Arthur was not elected to the Presidency so he had no mandate to govern. |
| This created the Civil Service Commission, which classified government jobs and tested applicants' fitness for them. It also stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute campaign funds and could not be fired for political reasons. | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| Who was the first Democrat to capture the White House since 1856? | President Grover Cleveland |
| Which Supreme Court Case said that states could regulate railroads within their borders? | Munn v. Illinois |
| In which Supreme Court Case did the Court agree with lawyers that only the Federal government was allowed to regulate interstate trade? | Wabash v. Illinois |
| This Act required that railroad rates be set in relation to distance traveled, they could not keep rates private, they must charge the same rate for all customers, and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the Act? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| Why did the Interstate Commerece Act fail? | It didn't give the ICC power to set rail rates. To enforce its ruling, the ICC had to take railroads to court and in 16 cases,the Supreme Court ruled against them 15 times |
| Who defeated Cleveland in the election of 1888? | Harrison |
| Who became President after Harrison? | Cleveland served his second term |
| Who was our second President to be assassinated? | William McKinley |
| A large open area beneath the ship's deck which offered cheap rates. | steerage |
| This was a term for young immigrant men who were usually single and worked for a number of months or years and then returned home. | "birds of passage" |
| Between 1865 and 1890, where did most immigrants to America come from? | Northern Europe |
| After 1890 where did most immigrants into America come from? | Southern and Eastern Europe |
| What was the purpose of the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration? | to decide who was fit for America and who was not. |
| In 1892, the federal government opened a large reception center for steerage passengers on Ellis Island near the what American icon? | The Statue of Liberty |
| How did the United States acquire the Statue of Liberty? | It was a gift from France |
| Where did most immigrants try to settle? | In areas where previous settlers from their homelands were |
| Most of the immigrants from Asia entered on which coast? | The West Coast |
| Many of the Chinese immigrants found work in what industry? | Railroad |
| Why were labor unions against the Chinese immigrants? | They would work for any wage and would affect the rates of all workers. |
| This prohibited the Chinese workers from entering the country unless they had previously established residnecy or had family already in the United States. | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 |
| In what Southern California industry did many Japanese immigrants work? | Fruits and vegetables |
| Forced separation is called _______________ | Segregation |
| In California, this banned all alien (non-citizen) Asians from owning land | Webb Alien Land Law |
| This limited the immigration from Europe and Asia and the worker shortages were filled with Mexicans. | Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 |
| These were low cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in. | Tenements |
| Urban areas in which one ethinic or racial group dominates | ghettos |
| What were restrictive covenants? | agreements among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people, usually African Americans, Mexicans, Asians or Jews |
| He wrote a book entitled "How the Other Half Lives" | Jacob Riis |
| What new technology did Jacob Riis use for his book? | flash photography |
| An unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power and usually headed by a single, powerful boss. | political machine |
| the use of one's job to gain profit | graft |
| Who was the most notorious boss? | Boss Tweed of New York City |
| What was the political club called that ran New York City's Democratic Party? | Tammany Hall |
| Whose political cartoons exposed Boss Tween to the public? | Thomas Nast |
| The favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants | Nativism |
| This was a nativist group that called for the teaching of only American culture and English in schools and wanted tighter rules for citizenship and employment of aliens | The American Protective Association |
| This Act had allowed employers to recruit foreign laborers during strikes, it was repealed | Contract Labor Act |
| This was organized by Harvard Graduates and hoped to exclude immigrants considered unfit by forcing them to pass literacy tests. | Immigration Restriction League |
| This was also called the temperance movement. | Prohibition |
| This is the name for an immoral or corrupt behavior | vice |
| What was the Comstock Law? | It prohibited the sending of obscene materials through the United States mail |
| When young reformers would move into a house in the middle of a poor neighborhood and from this house they offered social services. | settlement house |
| What was the most famous settlement house and where was it? | Hull House in Chicago |
| Who set up Hull House? | Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star |
| From 18-40-1860 where did most of the immigrants to the United States come from? | Germany, Ireland, Western Europe |
| Why did immigrants come to the United States from Ireland? | there was a potato famine in their country |
| What is urbanization? | The movement of people from rural areas to the cities |
| When immigrants came to America what city did they encounter first and they often stayed here. | New York |
| Why did Jews from Europe migrate to the United States in the late 19th century? | They were facing religious persecution in Russia and Germany |
| Why was Chicago an important industrial city? | It had many rail lines and was used as a center for meat packing and the cattle industry. |
| What problems did the movement of people to the cities cause? | fires, disease, overcrowding, higer crime rates |
| This was the name of the crowded multistory buildings that many people moved into. | tenements |
| Why did cities grow "vertically" during the Industrial Revolution? | There was no transportation system to allow people to live further outside the city, cities did not have the resources to grow "horizontally" and people wanted to live close to where they worked. |
| Since the 1900's what has happened to urban population. | It has continued to increase. |
| What is a metropolis? | A city and its surrounding suburbs |
| From 1900-1920, most of the immigrants to the United States came from what area? | Eastern and Southern Europe |
| West Coast immigrants were processed in San Francisco at ____________. | Angel Island |
| He led active opposition to having the Chinese in America. | Denis Kearny |
| What was the purpose of the Literacy Test Act | to see if test takers could read English |
| This was an agreement Teddy Roosevelt negotiated with Japan that said Japan would not send unskilled workers and in return, the United States would allow Japanese children attend school with other children | Gentlemen's Agreement |
| He invented the safety elevator. | Elisha Otis |
| He designed city parks to provide residents with countryside. His most famous endeavor was New York City's central park. | Frederick Law Olmsted |
| Legend has it that this fire started in Patrick O'Leary's barn when a milk cow kicked over a lantern. | Great Chicago Fire |
| What is conspicuous consumption? | public dislay of wealth |
| What caused the quick development of the middle class? | growth of new industries; rise of the modern corporation, which needed accountants, clerks, salespeople, and managers |
| This was the idea that religious faith should be expressed through good works and churches had a moral duty to help solve society's problems | social gospel |
| Did Social Darwinists agree with the idea of the social gospel? | no |
| An informal group of professional politicians controlling the local government who often resorted to corrupt methods for dealing with urban problems | political machine |
| Who did political machines turn to for a loyal support base? | immigrants |
| How did political machines maintain control? | They used corruption and illegal tactics such as hiring people to vote for them multiple times. |
| What was the credit mobilier scandal during Grant's Presidency? | The Union Pacific Railroad hired Credit Mobilier to build part of the transcontinental railroad. They charged more than it cost $23 million went into the hands of Union Pacific directors and Credit Mobilier stockholders. Credit Mobilier gave stock to many members of Congress and even Vice President Schuler Colfax |
| What was the Whiskey Ring scandal? | When whiskey producers paid bribes and in return, officials allowed them to keep millions of dollars in liquor taxes that should have gone to the government. |
| This was the first major farmers' organization and was also called the Order of Patrons of Husbandry | The National Grange |
| Who founded the Order of Patrons of Husbandry or the Grange? | Hudson Kelley |
| This groups helped with farmers with practical needs such as buying equipment or marketing farm products. They also lobbied for banking reform and railroad rate regulation. | The Farmer's Alliance |
| This organization formed in the South and advocated hard work and sacrifice as keys for African Americans to gain equality in society. | the Colored Farmers' Alliance |
| What was the platform of the Alliance party? | expanded money supply, money backed by silver and gold |
| The coalition of farmers, labor leaders, and reformers became known as what political party? | Populist Party |
| What was the party platform of the Populist Party- The People's Party? | supported the National Grange and Alliance demands, wanted an income tax, bank regulation, government ownership of railroad and telegraph companies, and free coinage of silver |
| What did the Sherman Silver Purchase Act do? | it kept the country on the gold standard |
| What is a poll tax? | money someone has to pay in order to vote. Usually aimed at African Americans |
| Some poor or illiterate white men could not meet the requirements to vote (poll tax or literacy test) so what allowed them to vote? | The grandfather clause |
| What was the grandfather clause? | A man could vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1, 1867 |
| These were passed in the South to create and enforce segregation. They said African Americans had to ride in separate railway cars and it segregated schools. | Jim Crow Laws |
| How did the government respond when African Americans filed lawsuits wanting equal rights under the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and the 14th amendment? | In 1883, the Civil Rights Act was declared unconstitutional and they determined that the 14th amendment applied only to state governments and Congress had no power over private individuals or businesses to prevent discrimination |
| What was the significance of the Plessy v. Ferguson Court case? | It legalized segration and separate but equal facilities were legal. |
| What was "racial etiquette"? | African Americans were suppose to "know their place" and defer to whites in every encounter |
| they murder of an individual usually by hanging, without legal trial. | lynching |
| He believed that African Americans should accept segregation for the moment. Farming and vocational skills were the key to prosperity. | Booker T. Washington |
| He believed speaking out against prejudice and striving for full rights immediately. African Americans should be uplifted through education. | W.E.B. DuBois |
| He founded Tuskegee Institute to teach practical skills for self-sufficiency. | Booker T. Washington |
| He founded the National Associaiton for the Advancement of Colored People. | W.E.B. DuBois |
| This is a term that means you are tied to your job until you can pay off all debts you owe your employer. | Debt Peonage |
