| A | B |
|---|
| Ptolemy | (1) He constructed a model of the universe. |
| Geocentric | * Model of the universe with the Earth at its center |
| Ptolemaic system | * a model of the universe where the Earth is fixed in the center and spheres made of crystal-like transparent substances orbit. The 10 sphere moved the substances and beyond the 10th sphere was heaven. |
| Copernicus | (1) Created the heliocentric model of the universe |
| Heliocentric | * A model of the universe founded by Copernicus in 1543, which had the sun in the center and had the planets revolve around the sun and the moon revolving around the Earth. |
| Kepler | (1) He used detailed astronomical data to confirm that indeed the Sun was at the center of the universe. He also showed that the orbits of the planets were not circular, but rather elliptical. |
| Galileo | (1) The first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope. His observations suggested that planets had substance. |
| Newton | (1) He defined the three laws of motion that govern planetary bodies. He also believed that the world was like a giant machine. |
| Universal law of gravitation | * A law that explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits. |
| Vesalius | (1) wrote on the Fabric of the Human Body where he discussed what he had found when dissecting human bodies. |
| Harvey | (1) found that the heart not the liver as the starting point for the circulation of blood in the body. |
| Boyle | (1) his law states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it. |
| Lavoisier | He invented a system of naming the chemical elements |
| Cavendish | (1) She wrote a number of works on scientific matters. She believed that we have no power over nature. |
| Winkelmann | (1) A famous female astronomer from Germany who discovered a comet. |
| Descartes | (1) A French philosopher who wrote about doubt and uncertainty. All that he was certain of was his existance |
| Rationalism | * a system of thought based on the belief that reason alone is the chief source of knowledge. Started by Descartes. |
| Scientific method | * a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. |
| Bacon | (1) An English philosopher who believed one shouldn’t rely on ideas of ancient authorities, but rather use inductive reasoning. |
| Inductive reasoning | * One should proceed from the particular to the general when answering a question. |
| Locke | (2) he stated that every person is molded by his/her experiences |
| Tabula rasa | (2) a blank mind that everyone is born with according to theory |
| Philosophe | * French word for philosopher whose goal was to change the world. Included philosophers, writers, economists, social reformers. |
| Montesquieu | (2) He studied governments. His ideas ended up being used in the US constitution |
| Seperation of powers | * Government should limit and control each itself using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one person from getting too much power. |
| Voltaire | (2) was well known for his criticism of Christianity and his belief in religious toleration. |
| Deism | * A view that says a mechanic (God) created the universe and the universe was like a clock. God created it and set it motion and let it run without interference according to its own laws. |
| Diderot | (2) He wrote the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades, in order to attack religious superstition |
| Smith | (2) Founder of modern social science and economics. Felt each government should have army, polics, public works. |
| laissez-faire | * Means let the people do what they want or there should be little government control. |
| Beccaria | (2) He argued that punishments should not be exercises in brutality. He was against capital punishment. |
| Rousseau | (2) he said the people need to work together with the government. Also said education should not restrict children’s natural instincts. |
| Social Contract | * A contract where an entire society agrees to be governed by a general will. Started by Rousseau |
| Wollstonecraft | (2) She is the founder of the women’s rights movement |
| Salon | * Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class where Enlightenment ideas were spread. |
| Wesley | (2) founder of the Methodist religion |
| Rococo | * an artistic style that emphasized grace, charm and gentle action. Has delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves. |
| Bach | (3) An organist and composer. He was one of the greatest composers of all time. |
| Handel | (3) German best known for his religious music especially Messiah |
| Hyden | (3) The musical director for a wealthy Hungarian princess. He wrote two great works The Creation and The Seasons |
| Mozart | (3) He wrote The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni which are 3 of the world’s greatest operas. |
| Fielding | (3) Writer who wrote The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling which is about a young scoundrel in England. His characters reflect real types of people in English society. |
| Enlightened absolutism | * System that says rulers should rule by allowing religious toleration, freedom of speech and of the press, and the rights of private property. They nurture the arts and sciences, obey the laws and enforce them fairly for all. |
| Neumann | (3) One of the greatest architects of the 18th century whose masterpieces were at the Church for saints in Southern Germany and the Palace of prince bishop of Würzburg |
| Frederick | (3) Prussian enlightened king |
| Maria Theresa | (3) She centralized the Austrian Empire and strengthened the power of state |
| Joseph | (3) Austrian ruler who was very enlightened and failed miserably |
| Catherine the great | (3) Female Russian ruler who appeared to be enlightened to look good, but did nothing that was enlightened |
