| A | B |
|---|
| Diaphysis | Shaft of long bone |
| Epiphyses | Ends of long bones |
| Articular cartilage | Cartilage which covers bone surfaces which through articulation attach to other bone surfaces |
| Periosteum | Connective tissue surrounding all bone surfaces except the articulating surfaces |
| Ossification | Replacement of cartilage by bone |
| Epiphyseal plates | Site of ossification in long bones |
| Synathrodial joint | Immovable joint |
| Amphiarthrodial joints | Known as cartilagnous joint that allows only slight movement in all directions |
| Diarthrodial joint | Freely moving joint characterized by its synovial membrane and capsular ligament |
| Synovial joint | Immovable joint |
| Articular Capsule | Ligamentous structure that encloses a diathrodial joint |
| Synovial membrane | Secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity, the inner lining of the joint capsule |
| Joint Cavity | Space between bones enclosed by the synovial membrane and articular cartilage |
| Menisci | Partial, semilunar-shaped disks between the femur and tibia and the knee |
| Bursae | Function to facilitate movement without friction between these surfaces. Fibrous sacs |
| Elasticity | Ability of ligaments and tendons to lengthen passively and return to their resting length |
| Flexion | Anterior or posterior movement that brings two bones together |
| Extension | Increasing the angle at a joint, such as straightening the elbow |
| Hyperextension | Continuation of extension past the anatomical position |
| Abduction | Movement of a bone laterally away from the anatomical position |
| Adduction | Movement back to the anatomical position from the abducted position |
| Rotation | Movement of the bone around its longitudinal axis |
| Fasciculi | Bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium |
| Perimysium | Connective tissue surrounding fasciculi within a muscle |
| Epimysium | Connective -tissue sheath surrouding a muscle |
| Tendon | Tough, inelastic, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| Aponeuroses | Broad, flat, tendinous sheaths attaching muscle to each other |
| Motor Unit | Functional unit of muscular action that includes a motor nerve and the muscle fibers that its branches innervate |
| Recuitment | Stimulation of additional motor units to increase the strength of a muscle action |
| Concentric action | shortening of the muscle, causes movement at the joint |
| Agonist | (Prime mover) A muscle that is very effective causing a certain join mover |
| Antagonist | Muscle that causes movement at a joint in a direction opposite to that of the joint's agonist |
| Ballistic | An initial concentric muscle action by agonists to begin movement, a coasting phase, and a deceleration by the eccentric action of the antagonist muscles |
| Isometric | Type of muscle action in which the muscle length remains constant and no movement occurs |
| Muscle group | Group of specifc muscles that are responsible for the same action at the same joint |
| Stability | The ease with which balance is maintained |
| Torque | The product of the force and length of the force arm |
| Force Arm | Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the direction of the application of that force causing together |
| Resistance force | The opposing force that is resisting another force |
| Resistance arm | Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the direction of the application of that force resisting movement |
| Rotational Inertia | Reluctance to rotate; proportional to the mass and distribution of the mass around the axis |
| Angular Momentum | The quantity of rotation; is the product of the rotational inertia and the angular velocity |
| Transfer of Angular Momentum | Transfer of angular momentum from one body segment to another can be achieved by stabilizing the initial moving part at a joint |
