| A | B |
|---|
| learning | Refers to a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience |
| Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning | Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | “Previously neutral stimulus that has |
| conditioned response (CR) | Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
| elicited | Drawn forth |
| trial (in classical conditioning) | Consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli |
| acquisition | Refers to the initial stage of learning something |
| extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency |
| spontaneous recovery | Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus generalization | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
| higher-order conditioning | Conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
| reinforcement | Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response |
| Skinner box | Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled |
| Emit | To send forth |
| reinforcement contingencies | Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers |
| cumulative recorder | Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time |
| shaping | Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response |
| resistance to extinction | Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated |
| discriminative stimuli | Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response |
| primary reinforcers | Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
| secondary or conditioned reinforcers | Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
| schedule of reinforcement | Specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time |
| continuous reinforcement | Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced |
| intermittent reinforcement | A designated response is reinforced only some of the time |
| fixed-ratio (FR) schedule | Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses |
| variable-interval (VI) schedule | Reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed |
| fixed-interval (FI) schedule | Reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed |
| variable-interval (VI) schedule | Reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed |
| positive reinforcement | A response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
| negative reinforcement | A response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus |
| escape learning | Organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulus |
| avoidance learning | Organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring |
| punishment | Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response |
| observational learning | ”An organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others |
| behavior modification | Systematic approach to changing through the application of the principles of conditioning |
| behavioral contract | Written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program |
| Albert Bandura | ”Identified four key processes in observational learning |
| John Garcia | Conducted tests on conditioned taste aversion |
| Ivan Pavlov | ”Russian physiologist |
| Robert Rescoria | Did research in classical conditioning with rats and fear |
| B F Skinner | Worked with reinforcement |
| John B Watson | ”Founder of behaviorism |
