| A | B |
|---|
| What political ideology supported traditional monarchy? | Conservatism |
| What political ideology was influenced by the Enlighenment and French Revolution ideals? | Liberalism |
| Who was the liberal who authored On Liberty? | John Stuart Mills |
| What ideology supports cultural unity as a basis to organize people politically? | nationalism |
| What political ideology advocated economic equality with govt regulation of the economy? | socialism |
| What ideology believed the experiment with ideal communites would bring the solution to society's ills? | utopian socialists |
| A nobleman who encouraged the govt to finance public works to eleveate public suffering. | Count Henri de Saint-Simon |
| He proposed economic utopias to eradicate poverty. He also supported equality for women and love unions. | Charles Fourier |
| He established a model factory society. | Robert Owen |
| What is the political ideology that rejects all rules and government? | anarchism |
| Author of the Communist Manifesto? | Karl Marx |
| Marx and Engels believed all of history could be interpreted as what kind of struggle? | class |
| Friedrich Jahn established what type of clubs to promote German nationalism? | gymnastics |
| As a result of the Karl Sand martyrdom, the Prussian king passed what conservative laws against liberalism/nationalism? | 1819 Carlsbad Decrees |
| What caused the French 3 day revolution in 1830? | King Charles X dissolved the new liberal Chamber of Deputies |
| As a result of the 1830 3 Day revolution who became king of France? | Duke of d"Orleans-King Louis Philippe |
| What happened to the Spanish empire as a result of the post-Napoleon liberal movement? | Spain's New World colonies declared their independence (Mexico, all of Latin Amer) |
| Who lead the Haitian slave rebellion against the French? | Toussaint L'Ouverture |
| What caused the failed Decembrist Revolt of 1825 in Russia? | the officers corp influenced by French liberalism wanted a constitution for Nicholas I and the end to serfdom |
| As a result of the 1830 liberal revolutions what low country province bordering France became independent? | Belgium |
| What 1819 tragic event was an attempt by workers to gain reforms in Britain? | the Peterloo Massacre |
| What action did the British govt take against radical worker organizers after 1819? | the Six Acts to prevent radical agitating |
| What caused Britain to avoid the 1830 and 1848 revolutions? | Great Reform Bill of 1832 |
| What did the Great Reform Bill of 1832 grant? | liberal political reforms-50%more urban middle class male property owners voting |
| Who was the father of utilitarianism as social reform? | Jeremy Bentham |
| What was the Chartist movement? | reforms for the working man-the Charter w/6 demands |
| What were 2 of the 6 demands listed under the Charter (1836)? | universal male suffrage, annual HofC elections, secret ballot, equal electoral districts |
| What event showcased Britain's industrial strength? | 1851 Great Exhibit sponsored by Prince Albert |
| What effect did industrialization have on women's role in society? | influenced gender determined roles-domestic realm vs public work by rising middle class |
| How did industrialized govts handle the rise in crime due to industrialization/urbanization? | est. police forces by 1828 |
| What economic theory discouraged govt support of the poor? | classical economics |
| Who in Essay on the Principle of Population contended that to feed the poor only caused them to more rapidly multiple thus ourstripping the food supply? | Thomas Malthus |
| What nation's 1848 revolution resulted in a republic w/the election of a king? | France |
| Who was the leader of France from 1848-1870's? | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte-Emperor Napoleon III (1852-) |
| What classical economist wrote that raising wages had a negative effect in the long run on improving the laborers standard of living? | David Ricardo |
| Who was the wealthy factory owner that became the co-author and patron for communist literature? | Friedrich Engels |
| What socialist advocated the vote for the working class and tried to influence the 2nd French Republic? | Louis Blanc |
| What socialist studied the problem of boredom in industrial work, for liberated living including no marriage? | Charles Fourier |
| What was the name for the British labor organizers who made written demands on Parliament for reform? | Chartists |
| The French first estate was composed of who? | the clergy |
| Who made up the 2nd estate? | the nobility |
| Which of the 3 estates had the largest tax burden? | 3rd estate- the middle class landowners and peasants |
| Who was king of France during the French Revolution? | Louis XVI |
| Who was Queen of France during the French Revolution? | Marie Antoinette, from Austria |
| Where did the 3rd estate hold their meeting to demand a voice in governing? | a tennis court |
| What did the Tennis Oath establish? | A national assembly including the 3rd estate |
| What enlightened political statement of purpose was issued by the National Assembly? | Declaration of the Rights of Man |
| The National Assembly established what type of government? | a republic |
| The French Constitution of 1791 gave who the vote? | all males |
| What event was the result of Parisians attempting to gain weapons to protect the National Assembly from the king's army? | the storming of the Bastille |
| What was the 1789 rural disburances called that lead peasants to loot landlords property? | the Great Fear |
| The National Assembly in 1789 wrote a statement of broad political principles prior to their 1st constitution. What was the document named? | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
| Who authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman? | Olympe de Gouges |
| What were two results of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy? | The French Catholic Church was made a branch of the state and priests were elected and paid by the state |
| What National Assembly legislation caused the most disruption and opposition to the new revolutionary policies? | The Civil Consitution of the Clergy |
| Who were the emigres? | French noblemen who fled France to organize a counterrevolution |
| What was the best organized and eventually most radical political club in France by 1791? | Jacobins |
| What foreign policy by the National Assembly lead to radicalization of the revolution and the first republic? | Declaration of war against Austria and Prussia |
| Who were the most radical of the Jacobins due to their working class background? | sans-culottes |
| The sans-culottes most radical political meetings were called what? | the Paris Commune |
| Who was the British conservative critic of Reflections on the Revolution in France? | Edmund Burke |
| What body served as executive of the French govt under the first Republic (1793), directed the war efforts and protected the revolution from enemies at home? | Committee of Public Safety |
| The concept of the Republic of Virtue was based on what Enlightenment writer and his political ideas? | Rousseau's Social Contract: championing the general will over individual interests |
| Who best embodied the republic of virtue defended by terror? | Robespierre |
| What ended the reign of terror? | the radical Jacobins turned on each other and Robespierre was executed |
| What was Robespierre attempt to creat a civic religion called? | Cult of the Supreme Being |
| What event followed the Reign of Terror? | TheThermidorian Reaction |
| What was the Thermidorian Reaction? | A moderating of the extreme radical policies and a new 1793 constitution controlled by wealthy middle class |
| What French revolutionary figure called for equalizing of property in 1796 which is the background for European socialists? | Gracchus Babeuf (1760-1796) |
| Under the 1793 constitution who ruled France as the executive body? | the Directory |
| Who defended the Directory against a royalist coup? | Napoleon |
| List four examples of how Napoleon carried out the French revolution's ideals. | Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) est uniformity/equality under the law, bureaucracy and military by merit, public edu, Concordat of 1801 made state supreme over Church |
| How did Napoleon violate the French revolution's ideals? | Censured press, limited elections, put away political opponents |
| In what battle did the British defeat Napoleon's navy? | Trafalgar (1805) |
| What nations did Napoleon defeat by 1806? | Austria, Prussia, and western German provinces |
| Napoleon did not defeat this eastern European nation? | Russia and Alexander I |
| Since Napoleon could not invade Britain what program did he implement against them to destroy their economy? | Continental system |
| What caused Napoleon's downfall? | Spanish rebellion and Russian violation of the blockade |
| What military alliance defeated Napoleon? | Quadruple alliance>Brit, Aust, Russia, and Prussia |
| What agreement sought to reverse Napoleon's liberal influence over Europe? | Congress of Vienna |
| Who was the architect of the Congress of Vienna? | Metternich |
| The Congress of Vienna created what foreign policy status quo for Europe? | a balance of power with conservative governments |
| What enforced the Congress of Vienna settlement? | Concert of Europe |
| The Prussian king implement what limiting speech and press in 1819 due to students demanding liberal reforms? | Carlsbad Decrees |
| The European Romantic Movement influenced the American literary movement called? | transcendentialist |
| What values were important to the Romantics? | individualism, truth is found in nature, emotion is important and not rationalism alone |
| Which of Rousseau's works was the foundation for romanticism by stressing maximun individual freedom? | Emile |
| Name the German philosopher who in The Critique of Pure Reason (1781) accepts rationalism but argues for human freedom, immortality and the existence of God? | Immanuel Kant |
| Name a famous English Romantic poet. | Wordsworth or Byron |
| Who was the French Romantic novelist who wrote Les Misesibles? | Victor Hugo |
| What new protestant religion was a reaction against deism and the rationalism of the Anglicans? | Methodism |
| Who was the father of Methodism? | John Wesley |
| He maintained that history could be explained as cycles of conflict and synthesis. | Friedrich Hegel |
| Hegel influenced whose later theory of history as a class struggle? | Karl Marx |
| Spain | The 7 Northern provinces of the Netherlands won their independence from what nation? |
| William of Orange | Who was the Dutch leader of the revolt for independence |
| William and Mary of Orange | Parliament gave the throne of England to this Dutch aristocrat and his English wife |
| a republic of provinces | The 7 Northern Provinces of the Netherlands developed what type of govt? |
| Protestant (Dutch Reformed Church) | The Northern provinces of the Netherlands adopted what religion? |
| toleration | The Netherlands were unique for practicing this concerning religion |
| textiles, industry, trade, shipbuilding, and agriculture | The basis for the Netherlands economy was? |
| spice trade | The Dutch merchants controlled what Asian trade from 1602-WWII? |
| The Netherlands | In the 17th century what nation had the highest standard of living in Europe? |
| stadholder | Term for Dutch aristocrat who sat in the Estates General |
| England and the Netherlands | Constitutionalism developed in what two European nations earliest? |
| constitutionalism | Term meaning the limiting of the govt. by law so subjects rights are protected |
| Stuarts | Following Queen Elizabeth I, this line of kings ruled England and conflicted with Parliament |
| Right of Petition | Parliament demanded that Charles I recognize this legislation to reform the King's illegal taxing without consent of Parliament |
| Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud | He was blamed for the new prayer book that caused the Scottish revolt (1637) against Charles I |
| John Pym | King Charles I attempted to arrest this Puritan leader while he was in Parliament |
| Roundheads | Descriptive name for the Puritans during the English Civil War |
| Charles I | King of England executed by Parliament |
| Oliver Cromwell | He served as Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth |
| Charles II | He was given the English throne in 1660 which is known as the "restoration period" |
| Charles II | Due to this English King's religious tolerance toward Catholics the Parliament refused to fund the war against Dutch commerce |
| James II | What English monarch converted to Catholicism and refused to leave his throne to his Protestant daughter in 1688 |
| English Bill of Rights | William and Mary had to agreed to limit their powers by agreeing to what? |
| Glorious Revolution | What event is a symbol of the beginning of a constitutional government for Great Britain in 1688? |
| Robert Walpole | Who is considered the first prime minister of Britain in 1721-1742? |
| King George I | What English king was the first German from Hanover who replaced the Stuart line of monarchs? |
| Thomas Hobbs | Author of Leviathan (1651) |
| John Locke | Author of Second Treatise on Govt (1690) |
| absolute rulers | Thomas Hobbs supported this type of government |
| consent of the governed and constitutional govt. | Locke is famous for promoting government getting it's power from what source? |
| Cardinal Richelieu | This minister worked to acquire absolute power for Louis XIII? |
| the fronde | A group of noblemen who attacked young Louis XIV and caused him to isolate the king away from Paris |
| domesticating the nobility | This strategy was key to Louis XIV's absolutism |
| revoked the Edict of Nantes (1598) | Louis XIV brought France into religious uniformity with this action? |
| French classicism antiquity | The art and literature style used to associate Louis XIV with antiquity |
| European nations wished to prevent the joining of the French and Spanish thrones | What was the cause of the War of Spanish Succession? (1701-1713) |
| The Grand Alliance ( GB, N, A, Pr) | Who won the War of Spanish Succession? |
| Utrecht (1713) | What treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession? |
| France financially strapped and Fr?Sp lost the Southern Netherlands; est. principle of balance of power | What was the results of the War of Spanish Succession? |
| Poland | This eastern European nation had such a weak monarchy that it was conquered and divided by the late 18th C |
| Austria | Eastern European nation ruled by Hapsburgs and carried the HOly Roman Emperior title after 1648 |
| Austria | Eastern European nation with the greatest diversity of people to rule over |
| The Pragmatic Sanction | The legal basis for Marie Theresa inheriting the Austrian throne |
| Junkers | Name for the nobles of Prussia |
| Hohenzollerns | This family provided the monarchy for Prussia |
| serfsgest; peasants bound to the land with obligations | Eastern Europe continue this form of feudal labor longest; |
| boyars | Name for Russian nobleman |
| Romanovs | This family provided the monarchs for Russia |
| Cossacks | Name for Russian rebels |
| Peter the Great (1682-1725) | Russian monarch who attempted to western his nation |
| Prussia | This nation's soldier king Frederick William I built the best professional officers corp |
| Ivan IV (1533-1584) | This Russian monarch was termed "the terrible" due to killing the noblemen for their land |
| baroque | What was the style of art used by absolute monarchs to awe their subjects? |
| building grand palaces and symmetry of landscaping | How did absolute monarchs use architect and landscaping to invoke symbols of their power? |
| Until 1500, knowledge of the universe was based on what authority? | Aristotle (earth centered) |
| Who earliest taught that the sun was the center of the universe? | Copernicus |
| Intellectual change in the 17th C was caused by what? | the development of scientific knowledge based on natural law rather than religion |
| Who is credited with beginning the modern study of astronomy? | Tycho Brahe |
| Who formulated the 3 laws of planetary motion? | Johannes Kepler |
| Who discovered the laws of motion and he supported Copernicus's theory? | Galileo |
| Who discovered the universal law of gravitation? | Isaac Newton |
| Who authored the book Principia (1687)? | Sir Isaac Newton |
| Who emphasized empirical, inductive reasoning? | Francis Bacon |
| Who stressed deductive mathematical rationalism and proposed "I think therefore I am"? | Renes Descartes |
| Which Christian religion most encouraged the pursuit of science? | Protestantism |
| Who wrote Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) that maintained govt's role only to protect the individual's pursuit of conscience? | John Locke |
| What was Lock's writing that laid the groundwork for the study of education and psychology | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
| Who promoted the idea that the mind is a blank slate and thus the human condition can be improved? | Locke in Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
| What was the purpose of a "royal society"? | to share and encourage new scientific knowledge |
| Who translated Principia into French? | Madame du Chatelet |
| To what do historians attribute the witch hunts of the 16-17th C? | disruptions created by religious division and warfare |
| What social were most often accused of witchcraft? | Older, peasant women |
| What was the handbook used to identify witches? | The Hammer of Witches |
| What is the life and institutions of pre 1789 Revolution called? | ancien regime or Old Regime |
| What were the chief social characteristics of the Old Regime? | tradition, hierarchy, a class group, privilege |
| In what eastern country did the serfs suffer under the harshest conditions? | Russia |
| What revolt was due to the serf's harsh conditions (1773-1775)? | Pugachev rebellion |
| Which English laws were meant to uphold the superior status of the aristocracy and landed gentry? | game laws |
| What Englishman is credited with agricultural improvement due to his seed drill and iron plow? | Jethro Tull |
| Who promoted crop rotation and growing folder feed on the fallow field? | Charles "Turnip" Townsend |
| What English movement turned peasants off the land to make more efficient use of the estates for agriculture/grazing? | enclosure movement |
| What event marks the decline of cottage manufacturing and the change to mass production in a factory setting? | Industrial Revolution |
| What nation had the first Industrial Revolution? | Great Britain |
| What key factors are needed for an industrial revolution? | resources, markets, excess laborers, agriculture revolution, transportation, |
| What was the first industrial mass producted product? | textiles |
| Who invented the steam engine? | James Watt |
| What economic and political theory drove European nations to acquire New World colonies? | mercantilism |
| What was the major West Indies cash crop? | sugar |
| What nation introduced African slavery into Europe? | Portugal |
| What nation introduced African slavery into the New World? | Spain |
| What famous trade route developed between Europe, African, and the New World? | triangle of trade |
| What war was between Britain and Spain over New World trade? | War of Jenkins's Ear (1739) |
| This war resulted in Austria's loss of Silesia to Prussia | War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) |
| This war ended with the Treaty of Aix-La_Chapelle (1748)? | Austrian Succession |
| She became monarch of Austria in 1740 | Maria Theresa |
| What was the name of the war between France and Britain's American colonies from 1756-1763? | French and Indian War |
| What was the name of the European war between France and Britain from 1754-1763? | Seven Years War |
| Name the king of Prussia who took Silesia and fought with the British during the Seven Years War? | Frederick II (the Great) 1740-86 |
| Who was the Prime Minister of Britain during the French and Indian War? | William Pitt |
| What was the greates British victory of the French and Indian War? | Wolfe taking Quebec |
| What was the map changes in the Treaty of Paris of 1763? | Britain took all the French North American colonies (Canada) except Spain took Louisiana |
| How did the French and Indian War affect the relations between Britain and her 13 American colonies? | Implemented a new stricter colonial policy and ended salutory neglect |
| The American protest against British taxation was grounded in what political ideology? | Locke's Two Treatise on Govt, Engl Bill of Rights, and Whig rhetoric |
| Name the British Whig political who fled prosecution by the king for critizing corruption? | John Wilkes |
| The American Revolution will put in practice the ideals of what movement? | Enlightenment |
| What intellectual and cultural movement was a link between the scientific revolution and a new world view? | Enlightenment |
| What was the main reforms demanded by Enlightenment writers? | reform of religion, monarchy, society, economy, and for human liberty |
| Enlightened thinkers believed what two key ideas would lead to improvement of society and humanity? | the use of reason to uncover the natural laws of the universe |
| Enlightened thinkers most admired what two intellectuals work? | Newton and Locke |
| What writing by Locke maintained that all ideas are derived from experience, hence a "tabula rasa"? | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
| Name the group most identified with the enlightenment | French philosophes |
| What two social settings most encouraged the spread of enlightened ideas? | coffeehouses and women's salons |
| Who wrote Candide (1759) which was a satire on the French monarchy and church? | Voltaire |
| What was the philosophes new religion? | deism |
| What publication is the best example of the Enlightenment's emphasis on gaining and spreading knowledge? | Diderot's Encyclopedia (1751) |
| What Enlightenment writing criticized the use of torture and capital punishment | Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment |
| Who were the French economic reformers that proposed consolidation of small farms for greater efficiency? | physiocrats |
| Who authored the Wealth of Nations (1776) | Adam Smith |
| Adam Smith was a proponent of what type of economics? | laissez-faire |
| European nations implemented what economic policy concerning colonies? | Mercantilism |
| What enlightened philosophe wrote The Spirit of Laws which emphasized the separation of powers | Montesquieu |
| Who authored The Social Contract? | Rousseau |
| The famous line "All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains" comes from what author and work? | Rousseau's Social Contract |
| The political concept that societyis more important than its individual members comes from what author and work? | Rousseau's Social Contract |
| Name the Rousseau writing that concentrates on education; early childhood should be spent freely experiencing the environment. | Emile |
| What position did Rousseau take on women's equality? | Women occupied a separate sphere to men (domestic and capapity for love) |
| Who wrote A vindication of the Rights of Woman? | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| According to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, why do women APPEAR to be inferior to men? | they lack the same education as men |
| How did enlightened despots strengthen their power and nation during the Enlightenment period? | They implemented limited reforms in the areas of education, religious toleration, and the merit system for military and govt. bureaucacy |
| What enlightened monarch was instructed by Voltaire? | Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) |
| What was Frederick the Great's best example of enlightened reform? | Greatest religious toleration of all monarchs |
| What reform caused Joseph II of Austria to have mounting conflict with the nobles? | abolishing serfdom |
| What caused Catherine the Great to repeal her reform on serfdom? | the Pugachev uprising |
| Italy | Where the Renaissance began |
| Medicis | Florentine banking family that were patrons of the arts and sciences |
| Use of reason | Greek influenced thought process that created friction with the Church |
| Individualism | This Renaissance characteristic stressed full development of one's capabilities and talents |
| Humanism | Renaissance characteristic that glorifies the individual or man instead of only God |
| education | Humanism stressed the use of this to improve human life and society |
| grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy | A humanist education should consist of this subjects |
| Humanists | These Renaissance scholars emphasized that man can understand and control nature |
| Secularism | This Renaissance characteristic stressed separating society and govt. from church control |
| Francesco Petrarch | The father of humanism because he was a "man of letters" |
| Leonardo Bruni | He is identified with promotion of a humanities education |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince (1513) |
| Machiavelli | He is called the first modern political thinker. He maintained that political action cannot be restricted by moral considerations. |
| proportion and perspective | Renaissance art incorporated the two new aspects to better mirror reality |
| portrait painting | A new Renaissance art genre |
| Leonardo da Vinci | His most famous works are The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | Sculpter and painter who most famous works are David, La Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Raphael | Renaissance artist who most famous works include The School of Athens, madonna/w child, and cherubs |
| Northern Humanists | They differed from Italian humanists in their emphasis on Christian themes and social reform |
| Disiderius Erasmus | Dutch Christian humanist scholar who encouraged religious toleration and reform of the Church. He "laid the egg" that Luther hatched. Also wrote In Praise of Folly. |
| Sir Thomas More | Author of Utopia (1516) |
| Utopia (1513) | This writing earliest promote a communist society and reform of social institutions. |
| William Shakespeare | English playwrite who used Renaissance values of honor, heroism, and the struggle against fate |
| Michel de Montaigne | French humanist who developed the new literary genre "the essay" meaning to test or try one thoughts |
| Gutenberg's printing press | Invention that spread Renaissance humanist ideas |
| nation state building/centralizing power | The main Renaissance political characteristic |
| Charles VII (r 1422-1461) | Following the Hundred Years War (1453) what king began the nationalizing process in France? |
| Concordat of Bologna (1516) | What Concordat granted the French Kings the right to appoint French Church officials? |
| Tudors | What English family took the English throne following the War of the Roses and nationalized England? |
| Henry VIII of England (1535) | What English King split from the Church of Rome and became the head of the English Church? |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | What Spanish monarchs unified their country by driving the Moors out in 1492? |
| Charles V of Spain (r 1519-1556) | Which king had the largest empire since the days of Charlemagne? |
| Philip II of Spain (r 1556-1598) | What king used the New World gold to pursue religous wars against heretic nations? |
| Prince Henry of Portugal | He established a school for navigators and gave his nation the lead in exploration |
| sail around Africa | The Portugese choose this route to reach the Orient |
| Portugal | This nation introduced African slave trade into Europe |
| Bartholomew Diaz (1487) | He rounded the Cape of Good Hope first |
| Vasco da Gama (1499 | Earliest to reach India by sailing around Africa |
| Ferdinand Magellan (1522) | First to circumnavigate the globe |
| Hernado Cortez (1519) | He conquered the Aztec |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | He was a missionary to the New World and a critic of the Spanish mistreatment of the natives |
| Spain | This nation first introduced African slavery into the New World |
| New World gold | The introduction of this into the European economy causes a price revolution |
| Spain | This nation will have the first and largest New World empire |
| Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) | Term for when the 7 Popes resided in Avignon, France |
| The Great Schism (1378-1417) | Term given for the dispute in the Christian Church over the rightful Pope (3 claimed the position) |
| John Wycliffe | English reformer of the Catholic Church. He translated portions of the Bible into English. His followers were called Lollards. |
| Jan Huss | A Czech priest who denounced church abuses and was burned at the stake. |
| Clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism/absenteeism | What were the 3 disorders/criticism of the Church by 1500? |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly as criticism of the Church. He wanted to reform the Church. |
| Martin Luther | Augustinian monk who challenged the Church's teaching eventually is created with starting the Protestant reformation |
| doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone vs faith plus works | How did Luther differed with the Church on salvation? |
| the Bible | According to Luther not the Pope,but what is the sole authority in religious issues? |
| the Priesthood of all believers | Why did Protestants want the Bible translated into the vernacular languages? |
| baptism and communion | Luther retained what two sacraments of the Catholic Church |
| Peasant Revolts | As a result of Luther's break with the Church, what violent challenge to authority occurred in 1525? |
| The Peace of Augsburg (1555) | This decree settled the warfare in the Holy Roman Empire/German states that resulted from the reformation. It said each prince would choose the relgion for their kingdom. |
| Charles V of Spain | The Holy Roman Emperor who had to deal with the Protestant Reformation |
| the selling of indulgences | What Church practice did Luther find so intolerable that he wrote his 95 Thesis against the Church |
| Ulrich Zwingli | He spread the Protestant Reformation to Zurich Switzerland |
| John Calvin | French Protestant who lead a theocracy in Geneva. His doctrine was covered in The Institutes of the Christian Religion. |
| John Calvin | His doctrines included predestination and a bible community |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin were called... |
| John Knox | He spread Calvinism to Scotland |
| Presbyterians | Scottish Calvinists were called what? |
| Puritans | What were English Calvinists called? |
| St. Barthomew Day Massacre | This 1572 event involved the Catholics killing Protestant guests at a royal wedding in France |
| Edict of Nantes (1598) | What did Henry IV issue that granted French Protestants limited toleration thus ending religious warfare |
| Henry VIII | He started the English Reformation in 1535 |
| Lutheranism | German states, Sweden, Norway and Denmark adopted what Protestant faith? |
| Conrad Grebel | Name the founder of the Anabaptists |
| Anabaptists | These radical Protestants believed in adult baptism and separation of church and state |
| Anabaptists | This protestant group was persecuted by Catholics and Calvinists alike due to their challenge to tradition authority |
| Council of Trent | This event was the Catholic Church's attempt to reform and reconcile with the Protestants |
| The Counter Reformation | The Catholic Church's efforts to coerce heretics to return to the church |
| The Catholic Reformation | The Catholic Church's internal effort to stimulate a new spiritual fever to win Protestants back |
| Faith and good works necessary for salvation, ended sale of indulgences, created seminaries, official catechism | What ruling was given by the Council of Trent? |
| Ignatius Loyola | He established the Society of Jesus as part of the Counter Reformation (Jesuits) |
| Protestant work ethic | What Protestant doctrine encouraged the development of capitalism |
| Challenged monarchical authority | How did Protestantism contribute to the growth of political liberty? |
| Miguel De Cervantes | Author of Spanish Renaissance work Don Quixote |
| Habsburg-Valois Wars (1559) | Name the conflict between Spain and France over Italian territory? |
| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) | Treaty that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars giving Spain more Italian territory |
| Concordat of Bologna (1516) | French King Francis I won right to appoint Church official and made Catholicism the state religion |
| Calvinism | French middle class/merchants were attracted to what Protestant faith? |
| Catherine de Medici | This Italian married French King Henry II and she persecuted Protestants. She was responsible for the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre |
| Philippe du Plessis Morney's Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants (1579) | This writing and its premise was the result of the St. Bartholomew day Massacre (1572) |
| politiques | Term meaning those who advocate compromise/tolerance for political unity |
| Henry of Navarre who became Henry IV | He said "Paris is worth a Mass" and converted to Catholicism to strengthen his control of France |
| Henry IV | He issued the Edict of Nantes (1598) |
| The Edict of Nantes (1598) | Issue by Henry IV to bring an end to religious war in France |
| Baroque | This style of art is most identified a "Catholic art" |
| Peter Paul Rubens | He is the best example of baroque painters for using religious themes with voluptous females |
| Rembrandt | His painting are an example of Protestant art from the Netherlands emphasizing realistic still life and landscapes |
| Versailles Palace and St. Peter's Basilica | Two examples of Baroque art used with architecture |
| Middle class merchants | The social group adopted Calvinism in large numbers because of its work ethic and individualism |
| the Netherlands | This Spanish territory adopted Protestantism and revolted in 1566-1587 |
| the Spanish Armada | The English defeated this in 1588 causing the beginning of Spanish decline in world power |
| Thirty Years War | This was the last of the wars of religion (1618-1648) |
| German states of the Holy Roman Empire | Where did the Thirty Years war take place? |
| Treaty of Westphalia (1848) | This treaty ended the Thirty Years War with France as the winner |
| The Crimean War involved Britain fighting against who? | Russia |
| What was the cause of the Crimean War? | the pretext of protecting Christian sites in Palestine; Brit/Fr trying to prevent Russian claims on Mediterrean lands |
| What is the date for the Crimean War? | 1853-56 |
| What nation lost the Crimean War? | Russia |
| What was the significance/results for the Crimean War? | Russia attempts to modernize its military and build railroads; British army problems highlighted |
| What famous woman is identified with reforming the care for wounded British soldiers during the Crimean War? | Florence Nightingale |
| What were secret Italian republican societies called? | Carbonari |
| Who was the Prime Minister of Piedmont who designed the unification of Italy? | Count Cavour |
| Who was the king of Piedmont and became the first king of a united Italy? | Victor Emmanuel I/II |
| Who was the romantic republican nationalist who failed to win independence for Italy in the revolution of 1848? | Giuseppe Mazzini |
| Who was the leader of the nationalist Italian army who wore red shirts and conquered southern Italy uniting his country? | Giuseppe Garibaldi |
| Who was the king who assisted the Italians in winning their independence? | Napoleon III |
| This nation was defeated in order for Italy to unite? | Austria |
| PM Benjamin Disraeli belonged to which political party and passed what reform? | Conservative and the Reform Bill of 1867 (voting) |
| Germany went to war against what 3 nations in order to creat a united German nation? | Denmark, Austria, and France |
| The Ems telegram was used by Bismark to cause war with what country? | France |
| What was the name of the socialist municipal government created in 1871? | Paris Commune |
| What antisemtic military scandal is identified with the French 3rd Republic? | Capt. Alfred Dreyfus treason scandal |
| What did the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867 accomplish? | transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy |
| Who freed the Russian serfs in 1861? | Tsar Alexander II |
| What Russian tsar was assassinated by the radical group Peoples Will because he would not give a constitution? | Alexander II |
| What is the Russian word for persecution of Jews? | pogrom |
| Who was the nationalist leader of the Irish homerule issue? | Charles Steward Parnell |
| Who was the first President of the French 3rd Republic? | Adolphe Thiers |
| As a result of the Franco-Prussian War what land was taken from France? | Alsace and Lorraine |
| What ethnic group made up the majority in Hungary? | Magyars |
| What Russian tsar carried out the "Great Reforms"? | Alexander II |
| What occurred as a result of the Russo-Japanese War? | Revolution of 1905 in Russia |
| What were the Russian and Japanese fighting for in the Russo-Japanese War? | Manchuria |
| The day the tsar's troops massacred protesting workers is known as? | Bloody Sunday |
| What did the tsar issue as a result of the general unrest of 1905? | October Manifesto |
| Who was the liberal PM of Britain from 1868-74? | William Gladstone |
| Who was the monarch of Great Britain from 1832-1903? | Queen Victoria |
