| A | B |
|---|
| Functional unit of the NS | Nerve cell or neuron |
| Grey matter | Unmyelinated |
| Conducts impulses toward cell body | Dendrites |
| Conducts impulses away from cell body | Axon |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in myelin sheath |
| Myelin sheath | Insulates and speeds transmissions |
| Synapses | Space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron |
| Neurotransmitters | acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| Depolarization | Na+ and K+ are exchanged |
| Repolarization | Resting state when no exchange occurs |
| NS pathology | Too much of a neurotransmitter or not enough |
| Ganglion | Group of nerve cell bodies |
| Nerve | Bundle of axons outside CNS |
| Plexus | Bundle of spinal nerves outside CNS |
| Glial cell | Provides support and protection for neurons, help form myelin |
| Astrocyte | Glial cell inside the CNS |
| Schwann | Glial cell outside the CNS |
| Tracts | Bundle of axons inside the CNS |
| CNS | Brain and spinal cord covered by bony protection |
| PNS | Connects CNS to organs and limbs |
| Afferent | PNS; Info to CNS from the body; sensory |
| Efferent | PNS; Info to body from CNS; motor |
| Somatic | PNS; Efferent; to skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic | PNS; Efferent; info to smooth muscle, lung, heart, glands |
| Sympathetic NS | PNS; Efferent; ANS; stress |
| Parasympathetic NS | PNS; Efferent; ANS; rest |
| Sympathetic NS | Vasoconstriction, increased HR, BP |
| Parasympathetic NS | Vasodilation, decreased HR, BP |
| Meninges (Dura, Pia, arachnoid) | Protect, absorb shock, adhere spinal cord to vertebrae |
| Dura mater | Outer layer; lines skull; thick, fibrous, tough |
| Arachnoid mater | Middle; spongy, web-like |
| Pia mater | Inner; vascular, adheres to brain and spinal cord; rise to choroid plexus |
| Subarachnoid space | Contains CSF |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Made of water, glucose, Na+, protein |
| Normal brain water pressure (ICP) | 80-180 mm water pressure or 3-15 mmHg |
| Ventricles | Openings with CSF; closes with swelling |
| Corpus Callosum | Two hemispheres of the Cerebrum |
| Cerebral Cortex | Outer; grey matter |
| Basal Ganglia | Inner; mostly white matter; voluntary movement, sensation, emotion |
| Frontal Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex | Walking, writing a paper, giving a speech |
| Right Parietal Lobe of Cerebral Cortex | Touch finger to nose, walk up to a table |
| Left Parietal Lobe of Cerebral Cortex | Math, writing a note, coordinated use of both hands to build |
| Temperal Lobe of Cerebral Cortex | Listening to music, smelling food, remembering names |
| Occipital Lobe of Cerebral Cortex | Seeing the clouds, writing a note, talking with friends |
| Diencephalon | Deep in brain; visceral response -> emotions |
| Thalamus - part of diencephalon | Rely station to cerebrum |
| Hypothalamus - part of diencephalon | Internal regulation; body temp, ADH, sex drive |
| Cerebellum | Base of brain; Riding a bike, walking straight, sitting up, yoga |
| Brain Stem | Origin of most cranial nerves (10/12) |
| Pons of the Brain Stem | relay station; regulates breathing |
| Medulla oblongata of the Brain Stem | Vomit, swallow, BP, pulse, diaphragm movement, sneeze, cough |
| Reticular Activating System of the Brain Stem | Wake/sleep cycle, consciousness |
| Spinal Cord | Ends at L1/L2, center of reflex activity, covered by meninges |
| Cranial Nerves | Enter/exit from brain not spinal cord; sensory/motor for head and neck |
| Vagus Nerve | Cranial nerve; affects cardiac, GI, and respiratory too |
| Peripheral Nerves Exit - Sensory | Afferent -> ascending |
| Peripheral Nerve Exit - Motor | Efferent -> descending |
| Injury C8 and above | Quadriplegic |
| Injury T1 and below | Paraplegic |
| Pial/Gliar Barrier | Pathogen destruction; #1 site for brain tumors |
