| A | B |
|---|
| Paul Valery | "crisis of the mind"; saw the cruelly injured mind of the people beseiged by doubts and suffering from anxieties in the midst of economic political and social dsiruptions |
| Friedrich Nietzche | Christianity embodies a "slave morality"; "God is Dead" |
| Henri Bergson | French philospher; immediate experience and intuition are as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality; a religious or mystical poem is often more accessible to human comprehension than a scientific law or mathematical equation |
| Georges Sorel | characterized Marxian socialism as an inspiring but unprovable religion rather than a rational sicentific truth; socialism was to come to power through a great, genreal STRIKE of all working people, which would shatter capitalist society; rejected democracy; believed the masses would have to be tightly controlled by a small revolutionary elite |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein | logical empiricism; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Essay on Logical Philosophy); philsophy is the study of language; debate is pointless because it can not be scientifically measured; "of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent" |
| Jean-Paul Sartre | humans being simply exist: "they turn up, appear on the scen"; only after they turn up do they seek to define themselves; honest humans do not believe in god and are hounded by the despair and meaninglessness of life; "man is condemned to be free"; individuals must become "engaged" in life |
| Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers | German existentialists; found a sympathetic audience among postway university students |
| Albert Camus | leading French existentialist |
| Soren Kierkegaard | Danish philsopher; resolved his personal anguish over his imperfect nature by making a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic God; Christian existentialist |
| Karl Barth | souhgt to recreate the religious intensity of the Reformation; religious truth is made to imperfect human being through God's grace; Christian existentialist; lowly mortals should not expect to reason out God |
| Gabriel Marcel | leading existential catholic christian thinker; supported closer ties with non-catholics |
| Marie Curie | discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic weight |
| Max Planck | subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts, which Planck called quanta and not in a steady stream, as previously believed |
| Albert Einstein | theory of special relativity- time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and that only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference in the universe; matter and energy are interchangeable and even a particle of matter contains enormous levels of potential energy |
| Ernest Rutherford | opened the "heroic age of physics"; shoed that the atom could be split; identified the neutron |
| Werner Heisenberg | principle of uncertainity- because it is impossible to know the position and speed of an individual electron, it is therefore impossible to predict is behavior |
| Freud | human behavior is irrational; iirational unconscious (id); ego and super ego; human behavior is a product of fragile compromise between instinctual drives and the controls of rational thinking and moral values |
| Marcel Proust | Remembrance of Things Past |
| Virginia Woolf | streamofconsiocusness technique; Jacob's Room; series of internal monologues, i which ideas and emotions from different periods of time bubble up as randomly as froma patient on a psychoanalyst's couch |
| William Faulkner | The Sound and the Fury; stream of consciousness technique; intense drama is confusedly seen through the eyes of an idiot |
| James Joyce | Ulysses; the language is intended to mirror modern life itself; a gigantif riddle waiting to be unraveled |
| Oswald Spengler | The Decline of the West; ever culture has a life cycle of growth and decline |
| T.S. Eliot | THe Waste Land; world of growing desolation |
| Franz Kafka | The Trial and The Castle; portray individual crushed by inexplicably hostile forces |
| Le Corbusier | "a house is a machine for living in"; functionalism |
| Louis H. Sullivan | Leader of the Chicago School of Architects |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | functionalism; falling water hosue |
| Walter Gropius | Bauhaus movement; functionalism |
| Mies van der Rohe | leader in the international style; Lake Shore Apartments |
| Paul Gauguin | expressionism |
| Paul Cezanne | commited to form and ordered design "you must see in nature the cylinder, the sphere and the cone" |
| Henri Matisse | two-dimensional expressionism |
| Pablo Picasso | cubism |
| Igor Stravisnky | The Rite of Spring |
| Alban Berg | Wozzeck; atonal opera; tale of a soldier driven by Kafka-like inner terros and vague suspicions of unfaithfulness to murder his mistress |
| Arnold Schonberg | atonal music; twelve-tone music- tone row; pattern sounded like no pattern at all the a listener and could be dtected only by a highly trained eye studying musical score |
