| A | B |
|---|
| Battle of Little Big Horn | Battle during the Sioux War of 1876 which resulted in an Indian victory where Colonel Custer and all of his men died |
| Dawes Act | a law created by Congress which encouraged Native Americans to become farmers |
| Reservation | limited area set aside for Native Americans by the government |
| Populism | political movement of the late 1800s favoring greater government regulation of business, a graduate income tax, and greater political involvement by the people |
| Transcontinental railroad | A railroad that joined together the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific railroads at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869, completing a route between East and West coasts. |
| industrialization | economic transformation of a country marked by development of large industries, mass production of goods, and reduction in its agricultural workforce. |
| Industrial Revolution | process by which machines replaced hand tools and steam and other new sources of power replaced human and animal power |
| surplus | an extra amount; more than what is needed |
| shares of stock | parts of a corporation which is purchased by investors |
| corporation | a business that sells stock to investors to raise money to expand |
| mass production | making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply |
| immigration | movement of people from one country to another; major causes of immigration include religious and political persecution and poverty. |
| quota | the maximum number allowed; often used to determine the maximum number of people that may be admitted to a nation |
| trade | the act of giving one thing for another |
| capital | money raised for a business venture |
| free-enterprise system | economic system in which businesses are owned by private citizens |
| laissez faire | idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs |
| labor unions | organizations formed by workers to fight for improved working conditions |
| Gilded Age | phrase used by Mark Twain to describe the extravagant and often corrupt life styles of wealthy U.S. business tycoons in the late 1800s. |
| monopolies | company that controls all or nearly al the business of an industry |
| trusts | group of corporations run by a single board of directors |
| manufacturing | the making of goods or articles in large amounts using machinery |
| skilled workers | a worker who has been trained in a specific skill or has a particular ability |
| unskilled workers | a worker who does not have training in a particular skill |
| nativism | policy opposing immigration to the Unites States; nativists favored quotas. |
| rural | in the countryside |
| urban | towns and cities |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | a law making it illegal for companies to "retrain trade" by eliminating competition. The act, aimed at eliminating monopolies, was initially ineffective as court decisions were favorable to business. |
| collective bargaining | method by which workers negotiate with their employers through their union. |
| strike | labor union tactic designed to force employers into making concessions through a work stoppage by employees. |
| corruption | bribery or other dishonest dealings |
| progress | moving forward |
| Progressive Era | period of time during the early 1900s when reformers fought for political and social reform |
| social reform | making change for the better concerning social issues, such as temperance, civil rights, etc. |
| Primary | election in which voters choose their party's candidate for the general election |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. An organization that works to improve rights for African Americans and other minorities. |
| muckrakers | American journalists who wrote investigative reports during the Progressive Era, exposing the ills of society and colling for overnment reform of political, social and economic institutions. |
| The Jungle | book written by Upton Sinclair describing the gruesome details about the meatpacking industry in Chicago |
| minimum wage | requires a minimum amount of money to be paid to workers |
| temperance | movement seeking legislation designed to limit alcohol consumption. |
