| A | B |
|---|
| causes of malnutrition | pestilence, political instability, population above carrying capacity, droughts, poverty |
| % of world malnourished | 25%;most in Asia, Africa, parts of Latin America |
| India's population | 2000-1 billion -16% of worlds population |
| China's Insentives for one child only | larger pensions, more food, free school tution, better housing, salary bonuses |
| Strategies for Sustainability | provide economic incentives for having less children, enpower and educate women, family planning services, prenatal care |
| Developed County Age Structure Diagram | long life expectancy, growth fairly constant through all cohorts |
| Developing County Age Strucure Diagram | large number of prereproductive children (wide base), potential for large population growth, looks like triangle |
| biotic potential of population | max. reproductive rate of a population, influenced by age span |
| carrying capacity (K) | maximum number of individuals that can be supported by available resources |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit a specific area |
| random dispersion | position of individuals in a population is not determined/influenced by other members of a population; uncommon |
| logistic population growth | rapid population growth because population exisits below carrying capacity |
| uniform dispersion | members of population are equally spaced through their region; seen in forests |
| crude birth rate | equal to the number of live births per 1000 members of the population per year |
| age-structure pyramids | graphicial representations of populaions |
| albedo | the amount of solar energy reflected back into space |
| bottleneck effect | genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by natural disaster;population no longer genetically represents the original population |
| clumping dispersion | most common dispersion pattern; individuals "flock" together |
| crude death rate | equal to the number of deaths per 1000 members of the population per year |
| demographic transition model | used to predict population trends based on BR and DR of a population |
| ecological footprint | the amount of the Earth's surface needed to supply the needs of a particular population or person |
| r-select (r-strategist) specie | organisms that produce early and often in life; lg number of offspring; no or limited care of offspring; |
| founder effect | when individuals (few) migrate away from the main population and establish a new one |
| boom-and-bust cycle | common with r-strategists;populations may be marked by both rapid increases and declines over and over |
| urban sprawl | term used to describe the emigration of people out of the city and into the suburbs |
| immigration | movement of individuals into a population |
| total fertility rate | number of children a woman will bear during her lifetime |
| emmigration | the movement of people out of a population |
| Rule of 70 | divide 70 by the current growth rate |
| genetic drift | random fluctations in the genes of a population in a small isolated population due to chance instead of natural selection |
| population dispersion | describes how individuals are spaced within a region. Ex. Clumped, random, uniform |
| k-select (k-strategist) specie | organisms that reproduce later in life, have fewer offspring, high degree of care of offspring, nurturing |
| pre-industrial state | population has a slow growth rate; high birth rate and high death rate because of harsh environmental conditions |
| post-industrial state | population is approaching a ZGR(zero growth rate);the final state of population trends |
| transitional state | birth rates are high, death rates are lower than in the pre-industrial population; rapid population growth |
| industrial state | population growth is slow and has a low birth rate; BR similar to death rate |
| I=P x A x T (IPAT Model) | describes the impact that humans have on the environment |
| I ( of IPAT Model) | means total impact of humans |
| P ( of IPAT Model) | means population size |
| A (of IPAT Model) | means affluence |
| T ( of IPAT Model) | means level of technology |
| population dynamics | changes in population size, density, dispersion, and age structure |
| environental resistance | enhanced by a specialized niche |
| J | exponential growth showing an ever growing poulation looks like this letter |
| carrying capacity (K) | determined by interspecific competition, predation, climate change |
| density-dependent | population controls factors that appear to have a major impact on lg populations; ex. Competition, resources, disease |
| example of r-strategist | insects |
| density-independent | impact a population reguardless of size; tend to be abiotic factors of nature |
| Rule of 70 | time it takes for a population to double |
| rate of population change formula | annual rate of change= (birth rate+immigration rate)-(death rate+emmigration rate) |
| RLF -Replacement Level Fertility | the level of fertility at which a couple has ony enough chilren to replace themselves |
| population ecology | studies the dynamics of species' populations and how these populations interact with the environment |
| advantages of living in groups | division of labor, increased chances for mating, increased protection from predators |
| S-shaped curve | used to describe the pattern of growth over an extended period of time; population rapidly increases and then stabolizes once carrying capacity reached |
| Thomas Malthus | given unlimited resources, a population will grow as a J shaped curve |
| Malthusian Catastrophe | a return to subsistence-level conditions as a result of population growth outpacing agricultural production |
