| A | B |
|---|
| acid precipation | occur as a result of pollution in the air;may be rain, snow,hail |
| acute effect | caused by short term exposure to high levels of toxins |
| ozone hole | the thinning of the ozone layer over Antartica and a small part of the Artic |
| noise pollution | any noise that causes stress/damage to an organisms health |
| ED50 | the point at which 50% of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin |
| LD50 | the point at which 50% of the test organisms die from a toxin |
| catalytic converter | a platinum-coated device that oxidizes most VOCs and some CO that would otherwise be released in exhaust, converting them to carbon dioxide |
| non-point source pollution | pollution that does not have a specific point of release |
| infection | the result of a pathogen invadin a body |
| open-loop recycling | when materials are reused to form new products that are usually lower quality goodss |
| moving sources | mobile sources of pollution (cars) |
| closed-loop recycling | when plastics or aluminum are used to rebuild the same product; Al to Al |
| composting | process that allows the organic material in solid waste to decompose and be reintroduced into the soil |
| SO2 | produced by burning high sulfur coal and oil |
| NO2 | emitted from high temperature combustion(fire,volcanoes,combustion) forms nitric acid in the air |
| CO | produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels;vehicle exhaust primary cause |
| CO2 | greenhouse gas emitted from combustion |
| VOC | hydrocarbon fuel vapors,solvents (acetone,benzene),formaldehyde |
| Toxic metals | lead, cadmium,copper |
| CFC | used in foam products and refrigerants;destroys ozone |
| Radioactive | produced by hospital waste, radon, and nuclear accidents |
| NH3 | produced from agricultural processes |
| primary air pollutants | substances emitted directly into the air from a point source |
| secondary air pollutants | not emitted directly;form in air when primary air pollutants react |
| ground level ozone | secondary air pollutant |
| Nitrogen Dioxide | NO2; evident as brown haze;causes lung damage, supresses plant growth, carcinogen |
| O3 | ozone |
| ozone | formed by sunlight reacting with Nox and VOCs; major component of photochemical smog |
| sulfur dioxide | SO2; combines with water vapor in air to form sulfuric acid (acid rain) |
| carbon monoxide | CO;colorless,odorless,non-irritating but poisonous gas |
| peroxyacl nitrates | PANs; |
| PANs | secondary air pollutants formed from rxn of hydrocarbons combining with oxygen and nitrogen dioxide and being catalyzed by UV radiation from the sun |
| PM10 | Suspended Particulate Matter ; fraction of suspended particles 10 micrometers in diameter and smaller will enter the nasal cavity |
| Suspended Particulate Matter | smoke, dust, soot, asbestos |
| heat island | metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surroundings;caused by modification of land surface by development folloed by waste heat generation/release |
| heat island & rain fall connection | monthly rainfall is 28% greater 20-40 miles downwind of cities |
| formaldehyde sources | carpeting,plywood |
| VOC sources sources | paint and solvents |
| carbon monoxide sources | faulty gas appliances |
| lead | old paint flaking and by being inhaled |
| asbestos | insulation from heating ducts and ceiling and flooring tiles |
| radon | from natural rock sources |
| Great London Fog (1952 | Dec 52;cold fog caused more low grade coal to be burned;pollution trapped by inversion layer;killed 4000 people |
| Donora Pennsylvania (1948) | 20 people asphyxiated;7000 became ill due to emmissions from a zinc smelter |
| thermal pollution sources | power plants, industries, global warming |
| nutrient pollution sources | phosphates,nitrates,cultural eutrophication, algal blooms |
| mining waste | acids,mercury,arsenic, cyanide,turbidity, heavy metals |
| microbiologial pollutants | pathogenic organisms (cholera,typhoid,shigella,polio,hepatitis,fecal coliform bacteria) |
| municipal waste- paper | 38% |
| municipal waste- yard | 18% |
| municipal waste- plastic | 8% |
| municipal waste-food | 7% |
| municipal waste- glass | 7% |
| US produces | 33% of world's total waste |
| Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program | when energy from waste incineration is used to generate electricity |
| wastewater | water than has been used by humans ;includes sewage,shower water, washing machines, storm water runoff |
| vector | carrier of organisms that carries a pathogen |
| tropospheric ozone | ozone in the the lowest layer of the atmosphere;bad ozone |
| toxin | a substance that when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed at amounts that damages a living organsim |
| Stationary Source of Pollutants | sources of pollutants that do not move-factories |
| risk | the likelyhood that an indiviual will become ill upon exposure to a toxin |
| leachate | the decomposed materials that perculates to the bottom of a landfill |
| gray smog | industrial smog |
| industrail smog | smog resulting from industry emissions & other sources of gases produced by burning fossil fuels |
| global warming | intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat trapping gases in the atmosphere |
| fly ash | waste product produced by the burning of coal |
| acute effect | is an effect caused by short term exposure to a high level of toxin |
| chronic effect | results from long-term exposure to low levels of toxin |
| photochemcial smog | formed on hot,sunny days in urban areas |
| criteria pollutants | six pollutants that cause the most harm to human health (CO,Pb, O3,NO2,SO2,particulates) |
| ppm | pars per million |
| CFCs | chloroflorocarbons |
| Montreal Protocol | reduction of CFCs (1987) |
| pH of normal rain | 5.6 |
| pH of acid rain | lower than 5.6 and as low as 2.3 |
| CAFÉ | corporate average fuel economy |
| transuranic waste | waste products from the construction of nuclear weapons |
| air pollution indicator | lichens |
| % people ling in urban areas with unhealthy air | 20% |
| Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms | headaches,coughing,sneezing,chronic faatigue |
| Radon-222 | problem of confined spaces such as basements and underground wells |
