| A | B |
|---|
| Charlemagne | Charles the Great; 800 C.E. proclaimed Emperor of all Romans |
| Aachen | the capital of Charlemagne’s empire; located in north-central Europe. |
| Scandinavia | Extreme northwestern Europe; the present-day countries of Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland |
| Fjords | steep-sided valleys that were inlets to the sea in Scandinavia |
| Holy Roman Empire | the area compromised mostly of what is present-day Germany and northern Italy |
| Gregory the Great | Pope Gregory I, from 590 – 604 C.E.; wanted all of Europe to become Christian and assigned missionaries to teach the Christian religion. |
| Missionaries | people who went around Europe to teach about the life of Christ and the teaching of the Church. |
| Excommunicated | to exclude a person from membership in the Church |
| Concordat | an agreement between the Pope and the ruler of a country |
| Feudalism | a political system where as the landowners we given the land and protected by the lord in exchange or service and products |
| Vassal | a noble who served a lord of a higher rank |
| Fief | a grant of land in the feudal system |
| Knights | medieval warriors, often wearing various coats of armor. |
| Serfs | the lowest in the social hierarchy; could not move from the land, own property, or marry without the lord’s permission |
| Venice | a city in Italy that became a major trading center. |
| Flanders | a trading center in northern Europe (including present-day Belgium |
| Guilds | business groups or organizations that were to control a particular trade or craft |
