| A | B |
|---|
| Management | The effective and efficient attainment of organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources |
| Management by objectives (MBO) | was a popular approach in the last quarter of the 20th century that focused on goals, and measured success by achieving these goals |
| Warrior | Leads open campaigns to destroy and malign the system |
| Gossip | A covert warrior who complains to others both inside and outside of the agency about how terrible the system is |
| Complainer | Resembles a gossip, but confines complaints internally to other helping persons, to in-house staff, and to family members |
| Dancer | Skillful at ignoring rules and procedures |
| Machine | A typical bureaucrat who takes on the orientation of the bureaucracy |
| Executioner | A tremendously enthusiastic and self-motivated individual who has managed to gain some power, status, and advancement within the bureaucratic organization |
| Filial piety | A devotion to and compliance with parental and familial authority, to the point of sacrificing individual desires and ambitions |
| Advanced directive | A person’s formally recognized statement signed before witnesses that gives instructions for what medical alternatives should be pursued in the event that the person becomes incapable of making such choices |
| Job ownership | Workers feel that their job and their work performance is an important part of their identity |
| Seeking a higher purpose | Employees genuinely feel that they’re making a difference through their participation |
| Emotional bonding | An environment in which people truly care about and experience a vital feeling of connection with each other |
| Trust | The condition where people feel they can depend on each other to follow through on tasks and be supportive of one another |
| Pride in one’s work | The condition where workers feel high self-esteem regarding, and have great respect for, their accomplishments at work |
| Learning organization | One in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continuously experiment, change, and improve, thus increasing its capacity to grow, learn, and achieve its purpose. |
| Path-goal theory | Leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment |
| Directive leadership | Letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations |
| Supportive leadership | Being friendly to and approachable by employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate |
| Participative leadership | Consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions |
| Achievement-oriented leadership | Setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort |
| Inclusive leaders | Cultivate relationships with and among various communities and groups, using relationships to gather information, to enhance resources, and to form political alliances for their organizations |
| Community | A number of people who have something in common with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others |
| System | A set of elements that are orderly, interrelated, and a functional whole |
| Competition | Concerns how community members must compete over the use of land and seek an advantage of place for commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential purposes, and is often related to social class |
| Segregation | Detachment or isolation of some group through social pressure, restrictive laws, or personal choice |
| Integration | Process of bringing together and blending a range of groups into a unified, functional whole |
| Political-legal perspective | Communities are considered political entities that fulfill many political and social functions and mediate between the state as a central power and the individual |
| Geographical organization | How properties and roads are arranged within the community’s geographical area |
| Power structure | Which units have the most power and influence over what happens within it |
| Labeling theory | Developed from symbolic interactionism, states that society determines which behaviors it considers deviant and labels them as such |
| Resiliency | The ability of any size system including a community to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship |
| Religion | People’s spiritual beliefs concerning the origin, character, and reason for being, usually based on the existence of some higher power or powers, that often involves designated rituals and provides direction for what is considered moral or right |
| Spirituality | The views and behaviors that express a sense of relatedness to something greater than the self; it connotes transcendence or a level of awareness that exceeds ordinary physical and spatial boundaries |
| Density | Extent to which community members have diverse characteristics. |
| Metropolitan areas | Have at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants |
| Micropolitan areas | Have at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population |
| Small cities | 15,000 to 20,000 people |
| Small towns | 8,000 to 20,000 people |
| Institutional communities | A large institution which is the major employer in that community |
| Reservation communities | Recognized by Federal government where American Indians reside and are sovereign (government and state laws do not apply within reservation boundaries without congressional consent) |
| Homogeneity | Having like or similar characteristics |
| Economic types | farming-dependent, mining-dependent, manufacturing-dependent, government-dependent, services dependent, and non-specialized |
| Policy types | retirement-destination, federal lands, commuting, persistent poverty, and transfer-dependent (more than 25% of the population receives public funds) |
| Information | Knowledge is power |
| Wealth | Money is power |
| Reputation | People who are highly thought of have greater power |
| High status | People who have high social status can command power |
| Decision-making positions | People holding important positions in organizational hierarchies have automatic decision-making power |
| Laws and policies | Public laws and organizational policies dictate how such macro systems are organized and run |
| Connections | Interpersonal connections and affiliations with others in the community can enhance your power base |
| Citizen participation | The dynamic, voluntary involvement of community members to address issues and concerns affecting their community and improve social policies, laws, and programs |
| Social network | A formal or informal linkage of people or organizations that may share resources, skills, contacts, and knowledge with one another |
| Natural helping networks | A group of nonprofessional people volunteering their time and resources to help either an individual or group of people in need |
| Personal empowerment | People can directly control what’s happening in their own lives |
| Social empowerment | People have access to opportunities and resources in order to make personal choices and maintain some control over their environment. |
| Need identification | Describes health and social service requirements in a geographic or social area |
| Need assessment | An assessment of a community that emphasizes that community’s capacities, skills, and assets instead of the community’s problems and weaknesses |
| Capacity building | The ability to increase the leadership and organizational skills of local people for the purpose of strengthening their own organizations and networking capacities |
| Nominal group technique | Group members are gathered and asked to silently list their needs on paper without group discussion so that each member’s personal views can be ascertained without influence from the others |
| Key informant technique | Ten to 15 individuals are identified who have extensive first-hand knowledge of the community and who either live or work in the community |
| Community building | The process of enhancing a community’s strengths by linking community residents, community organizations, and external resources to tackle community problems and working together toward positive change |
| Mapping assets | A capacity-building approach to community assessment that emphasizes the community’s capacities, skills, and assets instead of the community’s problems and weaknesses |
| Assets | Potential persons, groups, and resources in a community that can help a community function and grow |
| Neighborhood | A community or place within a larger community |
| Immediate neighborhoods | Consists of a limited number of family units and lodgings located in a relatively small area |
| Extended neighborhoods | Larger than an immediate neighborhood and might include several square blocks |
| Community neighborhoods | Includes 30 square blocks or even more |
| Integral neighborhoods | Neighborhoods manifesting high levels of interpersonal interaction, identification with neighborhood, and social connectedness |
| Parochial neighborhoods | Neighborhoods high on interaction and identification but low on community connections |
| Diffuse neighborhoods | Neighborhoods with a strong sense of identification, but experience little social interaction and do not feel the need for social connectedness |
| Stepping-stone neighborhoods | Neighborhoods where residents may positively identify themselves with the neighborhood but have low levels of commitment to interact with other residents because they won’t be there that long |
| Transitory neighborhoods | Neighborhoods that resemble stepping-stones in terms of the transitory nature; however, residents have much less access to resources and are probably not moving up in the world—just moving. Residents have low levels of social interaction and identification |
| Anomic neighborhoods | Neighborhoods that are dysfunctional and provide little support |
| Anomie | A sociological term that means social instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values often involving personal unrest, alienation, and uncertainty that comes from a lack of purpose or ideals (Mish) |
| Solidarity communities | Composed of people in the same racial or ethnic group, who share history, culture, language, or religion. Solidarity ties are usually based on birth (Rubin & Rubin) |
| Invasion | The tendency of each new group of people coming into an area to force existing groups out |
| Succession | The replacement of the original occupants of a community or neighborhood by new groups |
| The life cycle model | Views neighborhood change as a decline, with a neighborhood undergoing predictable phases from birth until death |
| The political capacity model | Perceives a neighborhood as having the ability to pass through various stages as it develops its political viability and power |
| Neighborhood center | A community-based agency that advocates for community residents and works with them to provide a wide array of services meeting their needs; it is funded through a variety of services |
| Settlement houses | response to changing social and economic forces |
| Hispanic | A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race (U.S. Office of Management and Budget) |
| Latino/Latina | Makes reference both to the Latin languages including Spanish and to Latin America |
| Chicano | Refers to U.S. citizens whose heritage is based in Mexico |
| Globalization | The process of global integration in which diverse peoples, economies, cultures, and political processes are increasingly subjected to international influences (Midgley) |
| Social justice | Upholding the condition that in a perfect world all citizens would have identical rights, protections, opportunities, obligations, and social benefits regardless of their backgrounds and membership in diverse groups |
| Poverty | The condition where people maintain a standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintenance of adequate diet, health, and shelter (Eitzen & Zinn) |
| Income | The amount of money a person makes in a given year |
| wealth | The total value of that person’s assets: real estate and personal property, stocks, bonds, cash, and so forth (Coleman & Kerbo) |
| Absolute poverty | A situation in which some people fail to achieve the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society |
| Relative poverty | A situation in which some people fail to achieve the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society |
| Official poverty line | What is considered by the Social Security Administration to be the minimal amount of money required for a subsistence level of life |
| Displaced people | Those people who have been uprooted within their own country |
| Refugees | People who have crossed national boundaries in search of refuge, usually out of a fear of persecution |
| Immigrants | Those individuals who have been granted legal permanent residence in a country not their own |
| Migrants | Those people, usually workers, who have temporary permission to live in a country, but plan to return to their country of origin |
| Illegal aliens | People who migrate illegally to another country |
| Community development | Efforts to mobilize people who are directly affected by a community condition (that is, the “victims,” the unaffiliated, the unorganized, and the nonparticipating) into groups and organizations to enable them to take action on the social problems and issues that concern them (Rivera & Erlich) |
| Development | Growth, maturation, and strengthening |
| Production-distribution-consumption | Relates to local participation in the process of producing, distributing, and consuming those goods and services that are a part of daily living and access to which is desirable in the immediate locality |
| Socialization | A process by which society or one of its constituent social units transmits prevailing knowledge, social values, and behavior patterns to its members |
| Social control | The process through which a group influences the behavior of its members toward conformity with its norms |
| Social participation | The involvement of citizens in social, political, and economic processes |
| Mutual support | Encouragement, assistance, caring, and cooperation among people in communities |
| Social development: | A process of planned social change designed to promote people’s welfare within the context of a comprehensive process of economic development (Midgley) |
| Materialism | The value that material things and money are extremely important, much more so than humanitarian or spiritual pursuits |
| Concern for others | Genuine, active concern for other people’s well-being and a focus on the importance of interpersonal relationships |
| Formality | A country that attaches considerable importance to tradition, ceremony, social rules, and rank |
| Informality | A casual attitude toward tradition, ceremony, social rules, and rank |
| Urgent time orientation | People perceive time as a scarce resource and tend to be impatient |
| Casual time orientation | People view time as an unlimited and unending resource and tend to be patient |
