| A | B |
|---|
| Sigmund Freud | Interpretation of Dreams; Postulated that much of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs |
| Montaigne | Book of Essays; skepticism toward accepted beliefs, condemned superstition and intolerance and urged man to live nobly |
| August Comte | The Course of Positive Philosophy; three stages of history- theological (works by God's will), metaphysical (works by natural law), and scientific (forget generalizations and stick to the facts) |
| Francis Bacon | Novum Organum; gave science a progressionist bias; science has a practical purpose- the goal of human improvement; greatest achievement- persuading others that science comes from EMPIRICAL experience |
| Petrarch | A letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism; believed in reviving an interest in the classics, he wrote sonnets expressing romantic love, and an appreciation of nature |
| Giovanni Boccaccio | Decarmeron; his works portrayed lecherous friars, ambitious merchants and frankly, acquisitive, sensual and secular society |
| Baruch Spinoza | Ethics; in light of eternity , all determination is negation (metaphysics) |
| George Hegel | Philosophy of Right; thesis v. antithesis leads to anythesis |
| Pico della Mirandola | Oration on the dignity of man; man's place within the universe lies somewhere between beasts and angels but there are no limits to what he can accomplish |
| Thomas More | Utopia; greed= society's problems; laws should exalt mercy above justice; citizens who live by reason will live perfectly |
| Alfred Mahan | Influence of Seapower of History; future of military power lay in the navy; led to arms race in Europe |
| Herbert Spencer | Liberal Philosophy; believed that human society progresses through competition; if the weak received too much protection the rest of mankind was the loser |
| Galileo | Two Chief system of the world; e pur se muove (it sill moves); heliocentric theory |
| Thomas Aquinas | Summa Theologica; Christianity's premises and date came from divine revelation rather than from empirical observation; theology was considered a science and he a scholastic |
| J.A. Hobson | Imperialism; great powers needed colonies to provide outlets for their domestically manufactured products; businessmen determined British imperial policies |
| Jeremy Bentham | Principles of Morals and Legislation; greatest good for the greatest number; colonies were a burden for mother countryto carry |
| Erasmus | In Praise oF Folly; although a catholic, he believed that many priests ahd distorted the simple teaching of Christ. He admired clear and honest thinking and disliked intolerance and persecution |
| Nicolo Machiavelli | The Prince; the chief coundation of all states are good laws and good arms (synonymous with deception, unscrupulousness and cunning) |
| Karl Marx | Das Kapital; the end justified the means |
| Immanuel Kant | Critique of Pure Reason; the categorical imperative, transcendental logic; "a thing-in-itself" |
| Voltaire | Candide; believed that the best one could hope for in government was an enlightened monarchy since human beings are rarely worthy to govern themselves |
| Copernicus | On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies |
| Leopold Ranke | Criticism of New Historian; the purpose of the historian is not to judge the past, in order to instruct the present, but only to show what actually occurred. One should not praise nor condemn an epoch. 'every age is immediate to god' |
| Thomas Malthus | Essay on the Principle of Population; population growth would always exceed the food production leading to famine, pestilence and war |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Vindication on the Rights of Women; woman's mind is as good as a man's |
| Charles Darwin | Origin of Species; his originality lay in suggesting how biological evolution might have occurred. He argued that chance differences among members of a species help some to survive while other die |
| Rene Descartes | Discourse on Method; Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am) |
| David Ricardo | Principles on Political economy and taxation; rising wages favor capital intensive production over labor intensive production |
| Louis Blanc | Organization of Work; wanted to give the vote to the working class, a state controlled working class could finance workshops to employ the poor |
| Charles Fourier | Theory of FOur Movement; phalanxes, living would replace boredom and dullness of industrial life (agricultural) |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | The Will to Power; Morality is established by powerful groups in history ie the Church. Now that science has replaced religion, God can be eliminated (GOD IS DEAD) |
| Thomas Hobbes | The Leviation; sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. The rule of the monarchy is absolute, but not by divine right |
| Johann Geothe | Dr. Faustus; his work demonstrated teh deep spiritual problems that europeans would encounter as the traditional moral and religious values of christianity declined |
| Castiglione | Book of the Courtier |
| Jacque Bossuet | Politics Drawn of Holy Scripture; he held fast to the Old Testament belief that rulers were divinely appointed by and only answerable to God |
| John Locke | Second Treatise of Government |
| Olympe de Gouges | The Rights of Women; during the French Reolvution she called on the assembly to recognize the natural rights of women; republican womanhood |
| Edmund Burke | Reflections on the Revolution in France |
