| A | B |
|---|
| accuracy "values such as density of a specific element that are accepted norms and usually published; if a measurement taken matches accepted norms or a standard value | it is said to be accurate" |
| acid/base reaction "a chemical reaction where an acid and base are the reactants and a salt and water are the products | often called neutralization" |
| atomic nucleus "comprised of all the protons and neutrons in the center of an atom | occupying a tiny amount of the space and containing the majority of the mass within an atom" |
| base/acid reaction "a chemical reaction where an acid and base are the reactants and a salt and water are the products | often called neutralization" |
| binding energy "the energy that holds an atomic nucleus together | measured by the force that must be overcome to split the nucleus (fission) resulting in a nuclear reaction" |
| chemical bonds "any of a number of strong attractive forces produced by electron interactions; e.g. covalent | ionic |
| current "the rate of flow | as in electrical charges or water" |
| frequency "1. in general use | the number of regularly occurring events per unit of time 2. the number of wavelengths that pass any fixed point per second |
| fundamental force "any of four forces that act between bodies of matter and that are mediated by one or more particles; in order of decreasing strength: the strong force | the electromagnetic force |
| gravitational force "fundamental force that tends to draw two masses together | increasing as the masses are increased or distance between them is decreased" |
| hydrogen bonding "bond formed when hydrogen in a molecule is attracted to a more electronegative atom | such as oxygen or nitrogen |
| law of conservation of matter and energy "matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed | it can only be rearranged or transferred; thus the amount of energy and matter is constant in the universe" |
| liquid "state of matter having a definite volume | but not a definite shape" |
| magnetic field "region of space near a magnet | electric current |
| medium "an intervening substance | as air or water |
| metal "any element that is usually shiny | a good conductor of heat and electricity |
| molar mass "mass of a formula | the sum of the component atomic masses expressed in grams per mole" |
| mole "amount of a substance | expressed in grams |
| Newton's 2nd law "the relationship between an object's mass (m) | its acceleration (a) |
| Newton's 3rd law "for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction | thus forces occur in pairs" |
| noble gas "any of the six gases helium | neon |
| nonmetal "any element that has low melting points | low density |
| Ohm's law "for any circuit | the electric current (I) is directly proportional to the voltage (V) and is inversely proportional to the resistance (R) |
| period "1. in geology | the basic unit of geologic time 2. in physics |
| periodic table "table illustrating the periodic system | in which the chemical elements |
| permanent dipole interaction "permanent condition in which the positive part of a polar molecule attracts the negative part of another molecule | such as the interaction between water molecules" |
| potential energy "energy stored mechanically | chemically |
| precision "the reproducibility of an observer's measured values | the amount of agreement among a series of individual measurements |
| radioactive isotopes "unstable atomic nuclei that spontaneously disintegrate | emitting alpha |
| salt "any ionic crystalline compound | often a product of a neutralization (acid-base) reaction" |
| second law of thermodynamics "spontaneous processes occur in nature; in a closed system | energy is released and entropy increases" |
| Snell's law "law that predicts how much refraction occurs when a light ray passes from one transparent material to another | based upon the index of refraction for each material" |
| stoichiometry "calculation of the quantities of chemical elements | molecules |
| subshell "orbitals of various shapes and energies within an energy level; which are s | p |
| testable hypothesis "tentative explanation for an observation | phenomenon |
| titration "quantitative method of determining the concentration of a substance in solution by adding to it a standard reagent of known concentration in carefully measured amounts until a reaction of definite and known proportion is completed | as shown by a color change or by electrical measurement |
| valence electrons "electrons found in orbits farthest from the nucleus of the atom that determine the way in which the atom will combine with other atoms | and thus determine its chemical properties" |
| wave "progressive disturbance propagated in a medium or space without displacing the medium | as in the transmission of sound or light" |
| wavelength "distance between two identical points on successive waves | i.e. crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough" |
| work "force times the distance through which it acts (in linear systems | W = Fd)" |
