| A | B |
|---|
| Absolute Monarchy | system of government in which the ruler determines policy without consulting either the people or their representatives |
| Compass | an instrument that allows sailors to have a sense of direction without seeing land. It includes a magnetized piece of metal that points north. |
| Astrolabe | allowed sailors to determine the relative apparent height of stars and planets |
| latitude | a ships distance north or south of the equator |
| galley | long European ships that carried most of the European coastal trade. Slaves or prisoners of war were to pull the 50-60 oars that propelled this. |
| Commercial Revolution | changes and developments in the European economy from 1400-1750 which improved ways of doing business. |
| Joint-stock company | a company that raised money by selling stock or shares, in the company, to investors. The companies raised large amounts of money from people willing to invest in their activities. |
| mercantilism | when a government should do all it could to increase the countrys wealth |
| favorable balance of trade | situation that exists when a country sells more goods then it buys from a foreign country |
| tariff | used to gain a favorable balance of trade. It could reduce the amount of goods imported into a country by imposing these import taxes. |
| subsidies | government grants of money |
| treaty of tordesillas | the treaty that moved the line that devided the Atlantic ocean into what and what not could be claimed by who |
| Triangular Trade | had stages. In the 1st stage, merchants shipped cotton goods weapons and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold. The second stage was the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas. The third was that merchants send plantation products to Europe, where they were used by manufactered products to be sold in the Americas. Tobacco was traded for more slaves in Africa. |
| Middle Passage | the 2nd step of the Triangular trade |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | a member of the Portugese royal family. Was one of the 1st that was interested in exploration. He founded a school of sailing and navigation at Sagres. |
| Bartholomeu Dias | sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and found a route to the Indian Ocean |
| Vasco De Gama | Sailed across the Indian Ocean and landed in India. Returned home with spices and jewels |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Americas namesake. Sailed for Spain and Portugal but was Italian, |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | cross the Isthmus of Panama and reached a vast ocean. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | a portugese navigator sailing for Spain. Proved the new world wasnt a part of Asia. Named the ocean he came to the Pacific ocean. |
| Juan Sebastian de Elcano | the guy that led Magellans crew |
| Cape of Good Hope | point of land on the tip of Africa |
| Brazil | largest country in South America. It gained independence from Portugal in 1828. |
| Isthmus of Panama | crossed by Balboa. connects Latin and South America |
| Phillipine Islands | country of islands in Southeast Asia lying north of Indonesia and across the South China sea from the main land, southeast Asia. Became US territory in 1898 and gained independence in 1946. |
| Viceroys | representatives of the monarch of Spain and it's colonial empire |
| Guerilla warfare | military technique relying on swift raids by small bands of soldiers |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | left Puerto Rico and sailed to Florida to explore in 1513 |
| Hernan Cortes | Invaded Mexico in 1519 whith 11 ships and 600 men |
| Moctezuma | the Aztec ruler |
| Pizzaro | led expedition of 180 men and 37 horses from the Isthmus of Panama to the Inca Empire in what is now Peru in 1532 and seized it for Spain |
| Charles V | a member of the Habsburgs. A series of marriages brought him to the throne in 1516. 3 years later he was elected Holy Roman Emperor. Born in Flanders |
| Phillip II | Charles V son. Receieved Spain and its possessions from Charles V. Known as Spanish Habsburgs. Born and educated in Spain. He had dedicated sense of responsibility. Built new royal residence. Saw self as leader of Counter Reformation |
| Tenochtitlan | the great Aztec city. Built Mexico City over it. |
| tax farming | selling the right to collect taxes to private individuals called tax farmers who paid the government a fixed sum, collected all they could and kept any surplus. They became rich. |
| intendants | the regional administrators of a French province. Were given military powers and talk to king. |
| divine right of kings | Louis XIV belief that God had ordained him to govern France |
| balance of power | the maintenance of an equilibrium in international politics |
| Marie de Medici | when Louis XIV was too young to be king, his mother became regent which was the ruler of France until Louis was of age. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | the chief minister chosen by young Louis. Richelieu ran the governemtn of France from 1624-1642. |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Richilieus successor |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | an expert in finance hired by Louis. A member of the middle class who promoted economic development. |
| Jaques Cartier | French explorer who made severral voyages to North America. He went up to St. Lawrence River to claim parts of Canada. |
| Pene-Robert de La Salle | sailed up the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland region of North America for France. |
| Versailles | city west of Paris, royal palace built in the 1700's by Louis XIV, treaty ending World War 1 was signed here. |
| Peter the Great | in 1682 he started being czar at the age of 10. He became a sole ruler in 1689. Giant man. He thought his son Alexis was disloyal and put him in jail. He died there. Ruled til 1725. Bad temper. Wanted Russia to have warn water port. Moved the capital and strenthened the military. He changed the alphabet. |
| Catherine the Great | Peters daughter Elizabeth paved the way for her. She was the princess from a small German state. She liked science, art, and literature. Her foreign policy made her the great. She mamanged to get Russia to a warm water port~Sea of Aznov. |
| Maria Theresa | Charles VI only and oldest child. She had to inherit all his land because he didnt have a son. The laws of the Holy Roman Empire prevented her from being empress. She inheritted Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Beligiums, Romaniums, Poles, Bohemians, Serbs, Croatians, and Sloevenes. |
| the Great Elector | Frederick I who guided his state through the last years of the 30 years war. After that he returned to the rebuilding and strengthening of Bradenberg-Prussia. He re |
| Frederick William I | the great Electors successor who was the 1st king of Prussia. Improved tax collecting system and encouraged agriculture and industry. |
| Frederick the Great | had lavish court. Disliked French ways intensely. Started a war. Gained Silesia from Austria and improved public education and civil service. Made legal reforms and obtained parts of Poland. |
| Moscow | capital of Russia. formerly the capital of the Soviet Union, site of major defeat over Napoleons army. |
| Sea of Azov | where Peter wanted warm water ports here and on the Black sea |
| Black Sea | inland sea between Europe and Asia connected the Aegean Sea and thence the Mediterranean/ |
| St Petersburg | Russias window to the west. Formerly Leningrad called Pentograd 1914-1924. Russias second largest city and former capital. Located on the Gulf of Finland in northwestern Russia/ |
