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| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity. |
| Fertilization | A process during sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive parts join. |
| True-breeding | Organisms that, if allowed to self-pollinate, produce offspring identical to themselves. |
| Trait | A specific characteristic. |
| Hybrid | The offspring of crossed between parents with different traits. |
| Gene | The chemical factors that determine traits. |
| Allele | The different forms of a gene. |
| Segregation | The separation of alleles. |
| Gamete | The term for sex cells. |
| Probability | The likelihood a particular event will occur. |
| Punnett Square | A diagram that can determine the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross. |
| Homozygous | Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait. |
| Heterozygous | Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait. |
| Phenotype | Physical characteristics of an organism |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Independent Assortment | A principle in which alleles segregate independently. |
| Incomplete Dominance | A case where one allele is not completely dominant over another. |
| Codominance | A situation in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype. |
| Multiple Alleles | Three or more alleles of the same gene. |
| Polygenic Traits | Traits controlled by two or more genes. |
| Homologous | Sets of chromosomes that have each a corresponding chromosome from each parent. |
| Diploid | A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. |
| Haploid | Genes that only contain a single set of chromosomes. |
| Meiosis | The process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| Tetrad | A structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis. |
| Crossing-over | A process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids. |
| Gene Map | A map that shows the relative locations of each known gene on the chromosome. |
