| A | B |
|---|
| Wilmot Proviso | proposal to outlaw slavery in all territory taken from Mexico in the Mexican War |
| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California to the Union and allowed for a new Fugitive Slave Act |
| popular soverignty | idea that each new state or territory should be allowed to decide the slavery question by vote |
| secession | formal withdrawl of a state from the Union |
| Stephen A. Douglas | Illinois politician who favored popular sovereignty, engineered the passage of the Compromise of 1850 |
| Millard Fillmore | president of the United States who supported the Compromise of 1850 |
| Fugitive Slave Act | federal law that allowed the pursuit of runaway slaves into any part of the country, even free states |
| personal liberty laws | forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed they would have jury trials |
| Underground Railroad | network of people who aided the escape of runaway slaves |
| Harriet Tubman | famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad |
| Uncle Toms Cabin | novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that aroused the nation about the slavery issue |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | author of Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Sack of Lawrence | destructon of Lawrence, Kansas by pro-slavery forces in 1856 |
| Pottawatomie Massacre | Murder of five men by John Brown and anti-slavery forces in Kansas in 1856 |
| Bleeding Kansas | describes the violence between pro-slavery forces and abolitonists in Kansas in the days before the Civil War |
| Charles Sumner | an abolitonist,was beaten nearly to death with a cane by Preston Brooks of SC on the floor of the Senate |
| Franklin Pierce | won the Presedential election of 1852 |
| nativism | favoring native born Americans over immigrants |
| Know-Nothing Party | the American Party, nativist and secretive |
| Free Soil Party | opposed the extension of slavery into the territories |
| Republican Party | formed in 1854, it became the leading abolitionist party |
| Horace Greely | one of the founders of the Republican Party, later a candidate for President |
| John C. Fremont | 1856 Republican candidate for president |
| James Buchanan | Democratic Party candidate elected president in 1865 |
| Dred Scott | sued for his freedom, claiming he had become a free person by living in free territory for several years |
| Roger B. Taney | Chief Justice of the United States who handed down the Dred Scott decision |
| Abraham Lincoln | elected president in 1860 as the Republican party's candidate |
| Freeport Doctrine | part of Stephen Douglas's contention that people could get around the Dred Scott decision if they wanted to (popular sovereignty) |
| Harper's Ferry | site of John Brown's attempt to steal weapons and incite a slave revolt in 1859 |
| Election of 1860 | convinced southern states to leave the union |
| Confederacy | Confederate States of America formed by southern states after the election of 1860 |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederacy |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | said that neither slaves nor freed slaves were citizens and held that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional |
| Fort Sumter | the first shots of the Civil War were fired here |
| Andconda Plan | Norhern plan to crush the Confederacy |
| Bull Run | also called Manassas, site of the forst major battle of the Civil War |
| Stonewall Jackson | southern general famous for his coolness under pressure |
| George McClellan | timid commander of the Army of the Potomac, fired by Lincoln for poor results |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union general given overall command |
| Shiloh | also known as Pittsburg landing, Union general Ulysses S. Grant's big victory in the West |
| David G. Farragut | Union admiral who capture New Orleans and most of the Mississippi River Valley |
| Merrimack | the CSS Virgina, the south's ironclad |
| Monitor | Union ironclad that fought the Merrimack at Hampton Roads |
| Robert E. Lee | brilliant Confederate commader of the Army of Northern Virginia |
| Antietam | bloodiest day of the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | freed slaves in territories in rebellion in 1862 |
| habeas corpus | court proceeding that requires the government to explain in court why a person has been imprisoned |
| Copperhead | Northern Democrat who favored peace with the South |
| conscription | military draft |
| Fort Pillow | location of a massacre of African American prisoners by Confederates, located in Tennessee |
| income tax | tax that takes a specified percentage of one's income |
| Clara Barton | organizer of the Union's nurse corps and founder of the American Red Cross |
| Andersonville | Confederate prison camp in Georgia known for bad conditions and brutality |
| Gettysburg | site of a three day battle in Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863 (a turning point in the war) |
| Chancellorsville | Confederate victory in 1863 at which Stonewall Jackson was killed |
| Vicksburg | fortress on the Mississippi River that was captured by US Grant in 1863 |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Union general who led a destructive march through Georgia and practiced total warfare |
| Appomattox Courthouse | place where Robert E. Lee surrendered the the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln's speech in 1863 dedicating Gettysburg cemetery and stating Lincoln's war aims |
| National Bank Act | set up a system of federally chartered national banks |
| Thirteenth Amendment | abolished slavery |
| Red Cross | organization set up to ease human suffering |
| John Wilkes Booth | assassin of Abraham Lincoln |
| Andrew Johnson | successor to Abraham Lincoln; 17th President of the United States |
| Reconstruction | period during which the United States started to rebuild after the Civil War 1865-1877 |
| Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln's very lenient Reconstruction plan |
| Radical Republicans | group of Republicans who wanted to punish former Southern slave holders for the Civil War |
| Thaddeus Stevens | leader of the Radical Republicans |
| Wade-Davis Bill | made the Congress, not the President responsible for Reconstruction |
| impeach | formally charge with wrongdoing in office |
| Freedmen's Bureau | agency set up by Congress to distribute clothing and food and set up schools an hospitals for freed slaves |
| black codes | laws passed by southern states to restrict the rights of freed slaves |
| 14th Amendment | made all freed slaves citizens and entitled all citizens to equal protection under law |
| 15th Amendment | gave freed slaves the right to vote |
| scalawag | white Southerners who joined the Republican Party |
| carpetbagger | northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War |
| Hiram Revels | first African American senator |
| sharecropping | a system of rent in which tenants farmed the land of large landowners and gave them part of the crop each year |
| tenant farming | system of agriculture in which the farmer pays cash rent for land |
| Ku Klux Klan | terrorist organization formed to prevent Blacks from voting in the Reconstruction South |
| Presidential Reconstruction | lenient Reconstruction plan favored by Lincoln and Johnson |
| Congressional Reconstruction | harsh plan favored by Radical Republicans in Congress |
| Seward's Folly | the purchase of Alaska in 1867 was seen as a waste of money by many people |
| redemption | return of Democrats to power in the South after Reconstruction |
| Compromise of 1877 | deal between Republican leaders and Southern democrates to end Reconstruction and elect Rutherford B. Hayes |
| home rule | the ablility of Southern states to run their governments without federal interference |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | inventor of the telegraph and Morse code |
| specialization | raising one or two cash crops to sell at home or abroad |
| capitalism | economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production |
| entrepeneurs | investors who take risk |
| telegraph | device that carried messages sent as impulses along a copper wire |
| John Deere | invented the first steel plow |
| Cyrus McCormick | invented the mechanical reaper |
| maifest destiny | belief that the United States destiny was to to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | provided control of the Great Plains to the Plains Indians |
| Santa Fe Trail | major westward trail from Missouri to Santa Fe, NM |
| Oregon Trail | major route to Oregon from Independence, Missouri to Oregon |
| Mormons | religious community that settled in Utah |
| Joseph Smith | founder of the Mormon church |
| Brigham Young | Mormon leader who led his church to Utah |
| Fifty-Four Forty or Fight | slogan of those who wanted to take all of Oregon Territory for the United States |
| Stephen F. Austin | led the first group of American settlers into Texas |
| land grant | land given to empresarios who gave it to American settlers in Texas |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican president and later emperor who tried to put down the Texas rebellion |
| Texas Revolution | rebellion by Texans who wanted to make Texas an independent country |
| Sam Houston | leader of the Texans, hero of San Jacinto |
| annex | to take over, to incorporate |
| James K. Polk | American president, believer in Manifest Destiny, the leader under whom the US gained more territory than any other |
| Zachary Taylor | commander of American forces in Mexico during the Mexican War |
| Stephen Kearny | occupied New Mexico for the United States |
| John C. Fremont | occupied California for the United States |
| Republic of California | proclaimed by John C. Fremont it made California an independent country for a short while |
| Winfield Scott | captured Veracruz and Mexico City for the United States during the Mexican War |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | ended the Mexican War and gave much territory to the United States |
| Gadsden Purchase | land purchased in 1853 from Mexico, now part of Arizona and New Mexico |
| forty-niners | prospectors who went to California during the gold rush of 1849 |
| gold rush | describes the mass influx of prospectors to an area where gold is discovered |
| Gettysburg Adress | November 19, 1863 |
| Lee surrendered on | April 9, 1865 |
| Dorthea Dix | superintendant of nurses for the Union |
| Clara Barton | founded American Red Cross |
| Lee | commander of Confederate army |
| Grant | commander of Union army |
| Fort Sumter | April 12,1861 |
| South Carolina seceded on | December 20, 1860 |
| President of Union | Abraham Lincoln |
| President of Confederacy | Jefferson Davis |
| Merrimac | Confederate ironclad ship |
| Monitor | Union ironclad ship |
| Emancipation Proclamation | January 1, 1863 |
| Fredricksburg | one of Union's worst defeats |
| Petersburg | last battle; lasted 9 months |
| Stonewall Jackson died at | Chancellorsville |
| Fredrick Douglas | started a newspaper called the North Star |
| American Colonization Party | set up colony is Liberia, Africa |
| Underground Railroad | network of abolitionists that helped slaves |
| Cottonocracy | highest southern social class |
