| A | B |
|---|
| recall | This enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face elections before the end of their term if enough voters requested it. |
| initiative | This is a bill initiated or launched by citizens. |
| prohibition | Members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union fought for this cause. |
| referendum | This is a vote on an initiative. |
| muckraker | This is a term used to describe a journalist who exposed government abuses and big business corruption to the readers of mass circulation magazines and newspapers. |
| Florence Kelly | advocate for improving the lives of women, got the Illinois Factory Act passed in 1993; prohibiting child labor and limiting women's hours. |
| Robert M. La Follette | The reform governor and Senator from Wisconsin who made reform the railroad industry his primary target. |
| scientific management | This was one of the inspirations for the creation of assembly lines at the Ford Motor Company. |
| progressive movement | This included a series of reform efforts that aimed to correct injustices in American life. |
| Seventeenth Amendment | This made direct election of Senators the law of the land. |
| Susan la Flesche | Native American woman who spoke out for the Ponca people |
| NACW | National Association of Colored Women |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Susan B. Anthony | a leading proponent of woman suffrage |
| NAWSA | National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded by Susam B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded by WEB du Bois |
| Elkins Act | 1903 legislation that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act by imposing heavy fines on railroads for deviating from published freight rates. |
| The Jungle | Upton Sinclair's book about the terrible conditions in the meatpacking industry. |
| Square Deal | This term was used to describe the various progressive reforms backed by the Roosevelt administration. |
| conservation | the idea that some wilderness areas should be preserved while others whoudl be developed for the common good |
| Upton Sinclair | This muckraking journalist shocked readers with his nauseating account of the meatpacking industry's conditions. |
| WEB Du Bois | founde of the NAACP and first African American to get a Ph.D from Harvard |
| Meat Inspection Act | This legislation put forth strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection still used today. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | This legislation was used by Roosevelt to file 44 antitrust suits. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | at 42 years old he was the youngest president ever elected |
| 1902 coal miners' strike | This was settled when Roosevelt got involved in the negotiations. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | This legislation halted the sale of contaminated foods or drugs and called for truth in labeling. |
| Woodrow Wilson | won the election of 1912 |
| Gifford Pinchot | favored scientific management of wilderness areas to yield public enjoyment and private development |
| New Freedom | Democratic Party platform favored by Woodrow Wilson; favored stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform and reduced tariffs |
| Eugene V. Debs | ran for president in 1912, calling for an end to capitalism but garnered no electoral votes |
| Progressive Party | also known as the Bull Moose party, advocated a number of reforms including woman suffrage, an eight hour work day and a federal child labor law; Theodore Roosevelt ran for President as a Bull Moose in 1912 |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff | a compromise tariff signed by President Taft; angered his progressive supporters |
| 19th amendment | granted women the right to vote |
| graduated income tax | a tax in which higher incomes are taxed at higher rates |
| 16th Amendment | legalized a graduated income tax |
| Woodrow Wilson | Democratic candidate for president elected in 1912 on a platform of progressive reforms |
| Underwood Tariff | Bill that cut tariffs to the lowest rates since the Civil War |
| woman's suffrage | woman's right to vote |
| Federal Reserve Act | set up a system of decentralized private banking system under federal control; gives the federal government a way to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | succeded Susan B. Anthony as presiden of NAWSA, worked for woman's suffrage |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by making it illegal for a company to acquire the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly. |
| Federal Reserve System | System of 12 regional banks that issue paper money and control the amount of currency in circulation |
| Federal Trade Commision | set up in 1914 to investigate posssible violations of regulatory laws. |
| statute | law |
| Queen Liliuokalani | the last queen of Hawaii, surrendered Hawaii to the United States |
| imperialism | the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories |
| Alfred T. Mahan | author of the The Effects of Sea Power on History |
| William Seward | American Secretary of State who engineered the purchase of Alaska |
| Pearl Harbor | naval base built in Hawaii by the US navy |
| Sanford B. Dole | first governor of Hawaii |
| Jose Marti | Cuban poet and journalist who advocated Cuban independence from Spain |
| Valeriano Weyler | harsh Spanish governor who established concentration camps for Cuban rebels |
| yellow journalism | sensational style of journalism which exaggerates the news to gain readership |
| USS Maine | American battleship that exploded in Havana and provided the US an excuse for war against Spain |
| George Dewey | US naval commander who won a major victory against the Spanish navy in the Philippines |
| Rough Riders | Teddy Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry that fought in Cuba |
| San Juan Hill | major victory of the US Army over the Spanish in Cuba |
| Treaty of Paris | ended the Spanish American War and gave Cuba, the Philippines and Guam to the United States |
| Foraker Act | made Puerto Rico a US territory |
| Platt Amendment | restrictions on Cuban independence that the US required before letting the country gain its independence |
| protectorate | a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | led an uprising against American rule in the Philippines |
| John Hay | Secretary of State who started the Open Door Policy |
| Open Door notes | letters addressed to imperialist nations proposing that nations share their trading rights in China with the US |
| Boxer Rebellion | Chinese revolt against foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity |
| Panama Canal | started by the French and completed by the Americans, it provided a way to move US warships between two oceans |
| Roosevelt Corrollary | the US promised to intervene to keep order in Latin America should the need arise |
| Pancho Villa | rebel who fought the Mexican government and raided American border towns |
| Emiliano Zapata | Mexican rebel dedicated to land reform |
| John J. Pershing | general who led the effort to catch Pancho Villa in 1916 |
| nationalism | devotion to the interests or culture of one's own country |
| militarism | development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy |
| Allies | France, Britain and Russia (later Italy and the United States) |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Italy (later changed sides) |
| Archduke Ferdinand | heir to the Austrian throne, assassinated in Sarajevo |
| no man's land | barren expanse of land between trench lines |
| trench warfare | describes the bloody, close quarters combat on the Western Front in World War I |
| Lusitania | passenger liner sunk by a german U-boat, caused the US to enter the war |
| U-boat | a German submarine |
| Zimmerman note | telegram from the German foriegn minister to Mexico, an attempt to get Mexico in the war against the United States |
| Eddie Rickenbacker | famous American fighter ace of WWI |
| Selective Service Act | established a military draft in the United States |
| convoy system | heavily guarded groups of merchant ships crossing the Atlantic from the US to Europe |
| American Expeditionary Force | American force that went to Europe in 1917 |
| General John J. Pershing | commander of the AEF |
| Alvin York | killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners, won the Medal of Honor |
| conscientious objector | person who opposes war on religious or moral grounds |
| armistice | truce that ends fighting |
| November 11, 1918 | Armistice Day |
| War Industries Board | federal agency set up to boost wartime production |
| Bernard M. Baruch | leader of the WIB |
| propaganda | biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts or beliefs |
| George Creel | head of the Committee on Public Information |
| Committee on Public Information | the nation's first propaganda agency |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts | law that limited speech critical of the war |
| Great Migration | movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans to northern cities |
| Flu Epidemic of 1918 | killed between 20 and 40 million people |
| Schenck v. United States | upheld the legality of the Espionage and Sedition Act |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson's peace plan |
| League of Nations | international organization designed to address diplomatic crises |
| Georges Clemenceau | French Premier during WWI |
| David Lloyd George | British Prime Minister during WWI |
| Woodrow Wilson | American President during WWI |
| Treaty of Versailles | ended WWI and punished Germany |
| reparations | war damages |
| war-guilt clause | required Germany to take responsibility for WWI |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | US Senator who opposed Wilson's fourteen points and the League of Nations |
