| A | B |
|---|
| Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky | The three border states with divided loyalties |
| General George McClellan | Overly cautious Union general who led Union army in the east in 1861, replaced after failing to pursue Lee after Antietam |
| ironclads | Warships covered with protective iron plates |
| West Virginia | New state during the Civil War, formed from the western counties of Virginia that refused to secede |
| U.S. (Ulysses) Grant | Less cautious Union general who led Union army in the west from 1861-1864, then became commander of all Union forces |
| border states | Slave states that did not secede |
| Elmira, New York and Andersonville, Georgia | Overcrowded prison camps where the conditions were terrible |
| martial law | Rule in which the military (army) is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended |
| First Battle of Bull Run | Crushing defeat suffered by the Union army; dashed expectations of a quick victory for both sides |
| Admiral David G. Farragut | Commander of a Union fleet that captured New Orleans giving Union army control of almost all of the Mississippi River |
| Battle of Shiloh | Union victory, Union army gained control of western Tennessee, army commanded by U.S. Grant |
| emancipate | to set free |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by President Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863 - freed slaves in the areas fighting the Union |
| 54th Massachusetts Infantry | Famous all-African American unit; showed its determination to win the war in its attack on Fort Wagner |
| Copperheads | Northern Democrats who opposed the war, also called dissenting Northern Democrats |
| Clara Barton | Became a nurse during the war; earned the nickname "Angel of the Battlefield" from both Union and Confederates patients |
| total war | All-out attacks aimed at destroying an enemy's army, its resources, and its people's will to fight |
| over 600,000 | Number of soldiers who lost their lives in the Civil War, making it the bloodiest conflict the US has ever fought |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Union general remembered for his March to the Sea through Georgia; closely associated with waging total war |
| Vicksburg | One of two turning points for the Union; Grant captured one of the last cities on the Mississippi River held by the Confederates; Union gained control of the Mississippi River |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Lee met with Grant to negotiate the terms of Lee's surrender after the fall of Richmond |
| Robert E. Lee | One of the Confederacy's top generals; led Confederate army in the East; lost key battles at Gettysburg and Richmond |
| Joseph Hooker | Union general who was confident in victory berfore his army was crushed at Chancellorsville by a force half its size |
| Gettysburg | One of two turning points for the Union; Meade defeated Lee during this 3-day battle; Lee's army was shattered and never invaded the North again |
