| A | B |
|---|
| global expansion | exploring unknown regions of the world |
| current | moving streams of water |
| wind | movements of air |
| empire | a group of territories or nations under a single ruler or government. |
| line of demarcation | an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic from the North Pole to the South Pole. Spain was to control all lands west of the line and Portugal would control all lands east of the line. |
| circumnavigation | circling the globe |
| conquistador | Spanish conquerors |
| navigate | set a ship's course over water |
| compass | device which uses a magnetized needle to determine direction. |
| astrolabe | Device which allowed sailors to determine latitude, it was developed by Arab scientists. |
| latitude | The distance, in degrees, north and south of the equator. |
| cartographer | mapmaker |
| rudder | A flat moveable piece at the rear of the ship tat makes it easier to steer. |
| caravel | A lightweight ship which drew little water because it sat high on the seas. It allowed sea captains to sail close to shore and into shallow inlets. |
| gunpowder | a mixture of chemicals (potassium nitrate, sulfur, and carbon) that exploded when lit. |
| colony | Outpost or settlements ruled by the homeland. |
| armada | fleet of warships |
| trading post empire | Outposts set up for the purpose of trade. |
| plantation colony | Large estates set up to produce cash crops. |
| cash crop | One or two products grown for a profit. |
| settler colony | Territories ruled by the homeland |
| viceroy | Royal Representative |
| encomienda system | It gave Spain the right to use the labor of Native Americans who lived on the land. |
| tenant farmer | They paid rent and worked a fixed number of days each year for landowners. |
| coureurs de bois | French fur trappers - "runners of the woods" |
| charter | written agreements |
| representative assembly | modeled after Parliament -here elected representatives spoke for the people |
| migration | movement of people |
| plantation | large agricultural estates that produced cash crops |
| immunity | the body's ability to resist infection |
| indentured servant | workers who signed contracts to work for a set number of years to pay off their trip to the New World. |
| Atlantic slave trade | The capture and transport of Africans in to bondage in the Americas. |
| caboceer | Special African officials appointed by governments to exchange enslaved people with the Europeans. |
| triangular trade | Trade in which ships sailed several routes, each of which formed the three legs of a geographic triangle. |
| Middle Passage | The middle part of the triangular trade |
| racism | the unjust treatment of peoples of others who falsely believe their race is superior to others. |
| maroon | the name given to runaways in Jamaica. |
| abolition movement | antislavery movement |
| griot | African storyteller |
| convert | people who changed religions |
| isolationism | a policy of turning inward from the world. |
| mainland state | They are part of a continent, rather than a peninsula or island. |
| Columbian Exchange | the movement of goods, rople, ideas, and even diseases across the Atlantic. |
| mercantilism | Theory that explained how trading nations could earn wealth |
| bullion | gold and silver |
| export | to sell to other countries |
| import | buying goods from other countries |
| balance of trade | difference between what a nation imports and exports. |
| tariff | taxes |
| commerce | buying and selling of goods in large quantities |
| entrepreneur | They risk money in hopes of earnin a profit. |
| joint-stock company | It allowed individual entrepreneurs to buy stocks, or shares, in a company. As a result, they shared in both the profits and risks of trade. |
| social class | A group of people who share a similar position in society. |
| middle class | A group made up of merchants and artisians. |
| capitalism | A system in which people, rather than governments, own property, make goods, and buy and sell them freely. |
| captial | money used to invest in business |
| free enterprise | the freedom of private businesses to compete for profits without government involvement. |
