| A | B |
|---|
| Tudors | Family that ruled England for a long time. Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch. |
| Queen Elizabeth I | The last tudor monarch who never married and passed her power to James I, the son of her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. |
| Stuarts | James I who was given power when Elizabeth I died was from this family. They believed in absolute monarchy. |
| James I | He was given power when Elizabeth I died. He was an absolute monarchy. His version of the Bible is still used. |
| Puritans | These are people who wanted to purify the Church of England. |
| Charles I | Son of James I. He became king and ruled as an absolute monarch because he believed in divine right. He was tried and executed when Parliament won complete control of the country after they won the English Civil War. |
| Oliver Cromwell | Organizer and leader of the Parliament army. He rules as Lord Protector and is the only non-royal ever to rule England. He also was executed and his head placed on a stake and displayed for years. |
| Charles II | He came to the throne of England when Parliament, tired of strict Puritan laws, restores the monarchy to the throne. |
| James II | He becomes king of England when his brother Charles II dies which no children to take the throne. |
| William and Mary | When James II's second wife ( who is Catholic just like him) bears a son and Parliament fears the return of a Catholic monarchy. They invite James's protestant daughter and her husband to take the throne. What were their names? |
| Louis XIV | King of France who was an absolute monarch and who banned the Estates-General and overruled the Edict of Nantes. He was known as the Sun King because everything revolved around him. |
| Peter I | He ruled Russian from 1689 - 1725 and took the title czar. He used his power to strengthen Russia and brought experts to help Russia "Westernize". |
| Catherine II | A German princess who became ruler of Russia when she poisoned her husband and seized the throne. She was an absolute monarch who focused on expanding the Russian Empire. |
| Issac Newton | scientist who discovered the principle of gravity |
| Thomas Hobbes | An English thinker who was shocked by the execution of Charles I. He felt humans were selfish and violent and should have a strong leader to make decisions for them.\ |
| John Locke | An English thinker who believed everyone was born with a tabular rasa - blank slate or mind. He also believed that every person was born with natural rights which included life, liberty and property. |
| Baron de Monesquieu | He recommended three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He used John Locke's ideas to write the Declaration of Independence. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | He argued that when the people enter into a social contract, they agree to be ruled by the "general will." |
| James Madison | He led the nation's Founders in writing down the terms of our social contract for the Constitution of the United States. |
| monarchy | governments led by kings or queens |
| absolutism | a system in which the monarch has total power along with his or her advisors |
| divine right | the idea tht rulers receive their power directly from God and are responsible only to God and not the people. |
| absolute monarchy | a monarchy with unlimited power |
| limited government | a system in which power is restricted by the people |
| Magna Carta | the Great Charter - it established the idea of limited government - In 1215 English nobles forced King John to sign it |
| Parliament | a group which included representatives who spoke for the people |
| Puritan | people who wanted to purify the Protestant Church of England. |
| Petition of Rights | It banned the king from doing three imortant things: 1)passing taxes without the consent of Parliament, 2)quartering troops in private homes, 3)imprisoning a person without charges. |
| commonwealth | state ruled by elected representatives |
| martial law | rule by the military |
| Restoration | the return of the monarchy |
| Glorious Revolution | The bloodless invasion which occurred when Parliament invited James II's Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to rule England. |
| English Bill of Rights of 1689 | Parliament required William III and Mary II ( William and Mary) to sign this. It limits the monarchy and states the rights of Parliament and the people. The king and queen rule as limited monarchs. |
| constitutional monarchy | monarchy ruled by an elected assembly an limited by law. |
| unlimited government | a government in which monarchs exercised absolute and total control. |
| Estates-General | French assembly |
| Edict of Nantes | document which protected the rights of French Protestants called hugenots. |
| czar | Title of Russian leader, comes from the Russian word for "Caesar" |
| reason | the use of scientific or logical thinking to draw conclusions about society. |
| Enlightenment | It was sparked by scientists who used reason, along with experiments, to figure out how the universe worked. |
| natural law | law that applied to everyone and that could be understood through reason. |
| tabula rasa | blank slate |
| natural right | rights belonging to all humans from birth |
| social contract | agreement between citizens and their ruler |
| Declaration of Independence | Document written by Thomas Jefferson to signify our split with England. It incorporated many of the Enlightenment thinkers' ideas expecially John Locke. |
| philosophe | this word means "philosopher" which is an educated person who used reason to study life |
| separation of power | division of power between the branched of government |
| checks and balances | This occurs when the three branchs limit and control each other |
| civic virtue | the duty of citizens |
| constitution | plan of government |
| unwritten constitution | a collection of laws, traditions, and court decisions which develops over time |
| written constitution | a document stating the rules and principles on which a nation or an organization is run |
| supreme law | the rules that shape the actions of government and the people |
| preamble | an introduction stating the purposes to be served by government. |
| constitutional law | a body of rulings that carry legal force |
| autocracy | a government in which power rests in the hands of a single leader and his or her advisers. An example is the absolute monarchies of France and Russia in the 1700s |
| oligarchy | Any system of government in which a small group, such as a political arty, holds power. Communist governments, like modern-day China, fit this description. |
| democracy | Any system in which the people hold power, usually through the vote. The United States and Great Britain abide by a democratic system. |
