| A | B |
|---|
| golden age | time of peace, prosperity, achievements in art, science, literature, etc. |
| Ottomans | a Turkish speaking nomadic group who lived in Asia Minor [Turkey] |
| Constantinople | famous city captured by the Ottomans in 1453; they renamed it Istanbul. |
| Suleiman | sultan who ruled during the Ottoman Golden Age, from 1520 to 1566 |
| Age of Exploration | time period during the 1400s and 1500s in which Europeans began to explore new lands |
| caraval | ship which combined the square sails of European ships with the Arab lateen or triangular sails |
| astrolabe | instrument developed by the ancient Greeks and perfected by the Arabs used to determine latitude at sea |
| cartographers | mapmakers |
| Marco Polo | wrote a book on his travels to China which was widely read. The book sparked European interest in Asia. |
| Renaissance | lead to the Age of Exploration. Humanists encouraged people to learn about lands beyond Europe. |
| Line of Demarcation | Line down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from north pole to south pole dividing the unexplored world between Spain & Portuguese |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement in which the Line of demarcation was moved further west; dividing the entire unexplored world between Spain & Portugal. |
| Bartholomeau Dias | Portuguese; In 1487 he discovered the tip of Africa. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor sailed WEST for Spain searching for a sea route to Asia, landing in the Caribbean Islands. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish, completed the first circumnavigation [circling] of the globe. |
| imperialism | the domination of one country of the political and/or economic life of another country, 1500s through 1700s. |
| Mayas | farmers, lived in southern Mexico and throughout Central America, flourished between 300 AD and 900 AD |
| monotheism | belief in ONE God |
| polytheism | belief in many gods |
| hieroglyphics | picture system of writing |
| Aztecs | Empire included the present-day countries of Mexico and Guatamala, height of was 1300-1500 |
| Tenochititlan | name of the Aztec great city built on an island in the middle of a lake |
| chinampas | Floating gardens created by Aztecs, mats piled with earth, anchored to the bottom of a lake to grow corn, squash, and beans |
| Incas | civilization flourished during the 1400s, lived in the Andes Mountains along the Pacific Coast of South America |
| terraces | flat areas of land on hillsides held in place by stone walls. Incas used to create farmland |
| Temple of the Sun | an impressive temple built by Incas to worship the sun |
| quipas | system of knotted, colored strings used by incas to keep records |
| conquistadors | Spanish conquerors |
| Herman Cortes | conquistador, destroyed and captured the Aztec capital Tenochititlan |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquistador, conquered Peru & the Incas |
| colony | a territory controlled by another country |
| encomiendas | land granted by Spanish kings to conquistadors who lived in the colonies |
| encomienda system | the right to demand labor and tribute from Native Americans in the land granted to the conquistador by the Spanish king |
| mercantilism | an economic theory that said a nation’s wealth was measured in its supply of gold & silver by exporting more than it imports |
| Ottomans conquered territory on which 3 continents? | Asia, Africa, Europe |
| How Suleiman earned nickname "the Lawgiver" | He improved justice – Ottoman law was based on the Sharia, the Islamic system of law that controlled business, government, family life, etc |
| how Suleiman earned nickname "the Magnificent" | he modernized the army, conquered new territory, strengthened the government |
| Why Suleiman's rule was a "golden age" | achievements - Painters made illuminated manuscripts; Muslim architects designed mosques and palaces; Ottomans wrote poems in the Turkish language |
| How did Marco Polo's travels, the Renaissance, the Ottoman Empire & improvements in technology lead to the Age of Exploration? | Polo's book made Europeans interested in Asian goods [spices, silk, etc.]; humanists encouraged learning about new lands; craravals, astrolabes, new maps made navigation easier; Ottoman control of the Mediteranean made Europeans want to discover direct sea routes to Asia. |
| What did Columbus & Magellan have in common? | Both explorers sailed for Spain direct route to Asia by sailing WEST |
| Examples of imperialism | Europeans controlled sections of both Asia & Africa; Portuguese – conquered the port of Malacca [in Southeast Asia] and cities on the east coast of Africa |
| Why Europeans interested in the islands of southeast Asia | they wanted to control the spice trade - spices were needed to preserve food |
| What Mayas, Aztecs, Incas had in common | used advanced technology to adapt to their environments & create new farmland [Mayas raised farm beds; Aztecs "floating gardens", Incas terraces]; built temples to their gods; developed calendars to record time |
| Why were conquistadors able to conquer Native Americans easily | advanced military technology [muskets, cannons, armor ]; alliances with natives rebelling against Aztec/Inca rule; European diseases wipe out natives |
| Roles of Catholic Church in Spanish colonies | Church leaders served as royal officials; priests converted & baptized natives to Catholic faith & tried to make them loyal to Spain |
| How did conquistadors take advantage of the encomienda system | Conquistadors forced Native Americans to work on the sugar plantations, enslaving them |
| Main goal of mercantilism | to increase the countries gold & silver |
| How nations achieved goal of mercantilsm | by exporting [selling] more than it imports [buys] to make a profit |
| Under mercantilism, what was the purpose of colonies? | Colonies had to sell cheap raw materials [cotton, sugar, wood] to the mother country & buy the more expensive manufactured goods [furniture, clothing, tools] from the mother country to BENEFIT THE MOTHER COUNTRY |
| Middle Passage | sea route Africans traveled on the Atlantic to the New World |
| Triangular Trade | term for trade routes between Europe, Africa & the Americas |
| Columbian Exchange | term for vast transfer of goods between Europe and the New World that began with Columbus |
| Goal of mercantilism | nation tries to increase its gold & silver supply |
| Purpose of colonies under mercantilism | to provide raw materials & buy manufactured goods |
| Why Atlantic slave trade began | New World plantations needed cheap labor & Africans were needed to replace Native Americans who died from European disease |
| How Atlantic slave trade affected African communities | Population decreased, tribal warfare inceased; civilizations like the Benin declined |
| Columbus's voyages contributed to a new culture in the Americas | the exchane of plants, animals, ideas, goods between America, Europe, Asia, Africa resulted in cultural diffusion |
| peninsulares | Born in Spain, ruled the colonies |
| creoles | European descent, born in the colonies, plantation owners |
| mulattoes | mixed European/African descent |
| mestizos | mixed European/Native American descent |
| list from top to bottom, the social classes in the Spanish colonies | penisulares, creoles, mestizos/mulattoes, Native Americans/African slaves |
