| A | B |
|---|
| Becker | Found teachers judged pupils based on how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil.’ |
| Cicourel and Kitsuse | Found educational counsellors are more likely to label m/c students as having college potential. |
| Rist | Found that the teacher set students into three groups based on class. W/c pupils were placed in the sets ‘clowns’ and ‘cardinals.’ M/c pupils were placed in the ‘tigers.’ |
| Rosenthal and Jackobson | Picked 20% at random, identified as ‘spurters.’ Almost half identified as spurters had made significant progress within a year. |
| Lacey | Argued that students in low streams are likely to join anti school subcultures. |
| Woods | Suggested there are four different types of school subcultures; ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. |
| Gilbert and Youdell | Argued that exam league tables lead to a A-C economy. |
| Bartlett | Argued that marketisation leads to cream skimming and silt shifting. |
