| A | B |
|---|
| appeal to force | provides some sort of threat of harm to the listener if the conclusi is ot accepted |
| appeal to pity | attemps to get the conclusion accepted by evoking pity |
| appeal to the people | plays upon the listener's or reader's desire to be loved, accepted, valued, recognized by others |
| argument against the person | addresses the arguer and not the argument itself; speaker may verbally attack or accuse the other person |
| appeal to authority | cites testimoney or belief of someone who is not necesarily reliable |
| hasty generalization | draws conclusion about all members of a group from a sample that is too small or not randomly selected |
| false cause | attempts to prove that because a second event followed a first event, the second event was the result of the first |
| begging the question | uses some trick to hide the fact taht a premise may not be true; often premise has more or less the same meaning as the conclusion but worded slightley different |
| begging the question | also called circular reasoning |
| complex question | asks an apparently single question that really involves two questions |
| composition | argues that a group must have the same qualities or characteristics as its members |
| division | argues that an individual must have the characteristics of the group |
| slippery slope | claims a certain situation or event will initiate a more or less long chain of events leading to some undesirable consequence, and there is not sufficient reason to think that the chain of events will actually take place |
| false or weak analogy | compares two thngs in the form of an analogy, yet the comparison is not strong enought to support the conclusion |
| red hearing | diverts reader by going off on extraneous issue and point by ends by assuming that some conclusion relevant to the point at hand has been establihsed; seems to have the purposeof throwing the reader off track |
| suppressed evidence | passing off at best what are half-truths; suggest facts as the only one relevant when other facts are ignored that could point in the opposite direction |
| either/or fallacy | requires absolutes which do not allow for intermediate cases |
| equivocation | uses a word in two different senses |
