| A | B |
|---|
| vowels (within) | F1 to F2 relationship |
| front vowels (within) | F1 to F2 relationship, F3 |
| syllable stress | f0 (fundamental frequency) increase |
| diphthongs (within) | rate & direction of formant transition |
| glides vs. diphthongs | glides have shorter formant transitions |
| glides (within) | initial F2 higher for /j/ |
| liquids (within) | F3 lower for /r/ |
| nasals (between) | nasal murmur, antiformants |
| nasals (within) | duration & direction of formant transition to adjacent vowels |
| nonresonant consonants (between) | composed of aperiodic sound, no formant structure |
| resonant consonants (between) | periodic sound only, formant structure |
| nonresonant consonants (within) | duration of noise (stops shortest, fricatives longest) |
| stop discrim. by place | formant transition to adjacent vowel |
| voiceless stops | high intensity noise burst + long lag VOT |
| voiced stops | low intensity noise burst + simultaneous or short lag VOT |
| stridents | peaked, narrower spectra with high frequency emphasis |
| nonstridents | broader, flat spectra |
| voicing distinctions | timing, duration cues |
| place distinctions | frequency cues |
| /s/ vs. /ʃ/ | /s/ has narrower bandwidth (noise begins around 4000 Hz) |
