| A | B |
|---|
| they hoped that political independence would lead to better living conditions | reason people from New Spain rebelled against Spain |
| Father Hidalgo | preist who was the first leader of the revolt in New Spain |
| annex | to take control of land |
| Manifest Destiny | belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean |
| rendezvous | annual event held by mountain men to trade furs and socialize |
| James Polk | US President who used the slogan "54'40 or fight |
| James Polk | President during the War with Mexico |
| Britain, Russia, Spain | other countries that claimed Oregon in the 1840s |
| Zachary Taylor | officer Polk sent to defend the U.S. border in Texas. |
| James Polk | United States president that wanted to annex Texas |
| Nueces River, Rio Grande | a land dispute between what two rivers led to the War with Mexico |
| Winfield Scott | general who captured Mexico City during the Mexican War, also known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" |
| Mexican Cession (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming) was given to the United States in exchange for $15 million and Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande River was the southern boundary of Texas | provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
| U.S. railroad companies wanted to build train routes to California on this land | reason the U.S. purchased the area known as the Gadsden Purchase |
| Santa Anna | leader of Mexico during the Texan fight for independence |
| Moses Austin, | one of the first empresarios to lead Americans into Texas |
| Sam Houston | led the Texans to victory at San Jacinto and was commander of chief when the Texas army was first formed |
| James Polk | U.S. president who wanted to annex Texas |
| Oregon Trail | stretched more that 2,000 miles across the northern Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains |
| Jim Bowie, William Travis, Davy Crockett | men who fought to the death at the Alamo |
| south | most people who went to Texas were from this part of the United States |
| slavery | Texas allowed this to exist within its boundaries according to its constitution |
| Stephen Austin | brought the first American settlers to Texas in exchange for a large land grant |
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | another name for the Mormon church |
| Abraham Lincoln | challenged President Polk by stating that the Mexican War was not justified |
| Brigham Young | man who became the Mormon leader after Joseph Smith was killed |
| irrigation | method the Mormons used to turn the desert into farmlands |
| discovery of gold at Sutter's Mills | helped California gain settlers |
| Sierra Nevada | physical obstacle that made the California Trail a difficult route |
| California Trail | trail that led to Sutter's Fort in California and was a split of the Oregon Trail at the Snake River |
| Santa Fe Trail | southern U.S. trail that served as a trade route for US and Mexican Merchants going to New Mexico |
| Lone Star Republic | nickname of the Republic of Texas |
| missions | center of colonial society in Spanish California |
| war with Mexico was inevitable and they didn't want to fight Britain at the same time as Mexico | reason U.S.chose not to fight for the territory up to the 54' 40 parallel |
| it would upset the balance of free and slave states because Texas would be admitted as a slave state | why were some people not in favor of annexing Texas |
| Alamo | battle that occured at an old Franciscan misssion at San Antonio and became symbolic for people standing up against overwhelming odds |
| Tejanos were in danger of Indian attacks and invasion by Britain and U.S. | issues that a newly independent Mexico faced in Texas |
| San Jacinto | where the Texans defeated Santa Anna |
| polygamy | practice in which males have more than one wife |
| population grew quickly allowing California to become a state in 2 years | how the Gold Rush affect California's application for statehood |
| gave mission lands to the Californios | what the Mexican government did with the mission land after they broke up the mission system |
| they were becoming too powerful and they wanted to encourage different types of settlements | reason the Mexican government broke up missions in California |
| abolished slavery, ended unfair taxes on Indians, took from the rich and gave to the poor | 3 goals that Father Hidalgo accomplished as a result of his revolt |
| he was executed | What happened to Father Hidalgo at the end? |
| recruited settlers | Independent Mexico's solution to deal with Indian attacks and invasions from foreign counties |
| Austin | family that became one of the first and most powerful empresarios in Texas |
| become Mexican citizens, obey Mexican laws, support Roman Catholic Church | 3 conditions that the Mixican government established in exchange for free or cheap land to American settlers |
| 20,000 | number of American settlers in Texas by 1834 |
| Gone to Texas | What GTT stands for |
| cheap free land; 640 acres with an extra 320 for each child | reasons why so many Americans went to Texas |
| ban on slavery | law that American settlers ignored that caused increased tension between the Mexican government and American settlers |
| Texas legalized slavery | how the Texas constitution differed from the US constitution |
| Battle of San Jacinto | Where the Texans defeat Santa Anna |
| If Texas became a U.S. state it would upset the balance of free vs. slave states; he didn't want to go to war with Mexico over Texas | reasons Andrew Jackson did not want Texas to become a U.S. state |
| mountain men | frontier hunters and merchants |
| unfairly treated, Tejanos were assaulted and the Indians were forced to move and follow all Texas laws or face military action | treatment of Indians and Tejanos under Texan rule |
| south | section of the US where most Texas residents came from |
| Panic of 1837 | economic event that led many American settlers to move to Txas |
| first they used Texas rangers and later used military attacks | ways in which the Texas government defended their morder against Mexican and American Indian Attacks |
| wagon trains | method of travel used by many settlers traveling to Oregon |
| shortages of food, water and supplies; weather, natural barriers (mountains, rivers) | obstacles encountered by people traveling to Oregon |
| build settlements beyond U.S. borders | a belief in Manifest Destiny encouraged American settlers to do what |
| John Tyler | Harrisons vice president that became president when Harrison died |
| Clay diagreed with Tyler's expansionist beliefs | reason Whig party nominated Henry Clay for President in the 1844 election |
| there was a 3rd party candidate that took some votes and people seemed to support expansionism | reason Clay lost the election of 1844 |
| it was a sign that Americans supported his views on westward expansion | How did James Polk view his victory in the election of 1844? |
| to protect American settlers and interests | reason expansionist politicians supported acquiring Oregan as a U.S. state |
| Fifty-four Forty or fight | expansionist slogan that encouraged war with Great Britain over Oregon |
| a treat was signed giving the U.S. all of the Oregon land south of the 49th parallell | compromise reached between the U.S. and Great Britain over Oregon's border |
| Texas voters approved annexation and Texas became a state | 1845 event that angered the Mexican government and led to war with the U.S. |
| gave a message to Congress about American blood being shed | how Polk gained Congressional support for war against Mexico |
| peaceful resistance | What is Civil Disobedience |
| he protested the Mexican War by not paying his taxes and going to jail | how Henry David Thoreau followed through on his beliefs about the Mexican War |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | how the California territory was acquired |
| Zachary Taylor | person nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready" |
| the war made him popular and he thought that Taylor might win if he ran against him for president | reason Polk felt threatened by Zachary Taylor's success |
| Nicholas Trist | negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for the United States |
| Mexican Cession | land turned over to the United States by Mexico as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidaldgo |
| 25% | America became ___% bigger as a result of the Mexican Cession |
| U.S. bough a strip of land from Mexico which was called the Gadsden Purchase | how the U.S. continental boundareies were solidified |
| The treaty promised to protect land rights of the residents of Mexican Cession but never did | How did a deleted treaty article lead to legal disputes between the U.S. and Mexican Americans |
| Salt Lake City, Utah | place where Mormons finally settled |
| prospect | term that means search for gold |
| a pan, cradle and sluice box was used to wash out the gold nuggets | describe placer mining |
| shafts and tunnels | how gold was extracted from hard rock |
| persecution | reason Mormon's moved west |
| Donner Party | name of the group of people who suffered starvation and died in the mountains on their way to California |
| empresarios | agents contracted to bring settlers to Texas in exchange for 67,000 acres for every 200 families |
| Californios | another name for Spanish colonists in California |
| Suttter's Fort | colony near the Sacramento River that immigrants settled in when they got to California |
| Tejanos | name used to describe Spanish settlers who lived in Texas |
| Mountain Men | first non-Indian hunters and metchants who traveled to the Rocky Mountains and beyond in search of fur |
| New Mexico | oldest and most important province on the northern frontier of New Spain |
| Texas | the Comanche and apache tribes tried to reclaim this territory by reading American settlers. |
| opening laundries in the mining camps | way the Chinese immigrants profited in Califronia |
