| A | B |
|---|
| Digestion gets completed in the WHAT? | duodenum |
| Explain the role of esophagus | the food doesnt go into the windpipe due to the flap of epiglottis |
| what substance is broken down from salibary amylase? | starch |
| how does the digestive tract gets pushed down? | peristalsis |
| what digests proteins in stomach? | gastric juice |
| what keeps the food from backing up into the esophagus? what's the name of this at th ebottom of stomach | cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter |
| What is the role of Bile? Where is it produced and stored? | Bile emulsifies to break down fats. it is produced in liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| what two features help absorb in the villus? | lacteal (fatty acids, glycerol) and capillary |
| Name 3 functions of Large Intestine | egestion (removal of undigested waste), vitamin production (from bacteria symbionts living in the colon), removal of excess water |
| Name 3 features of respiratory surfaces | thin, moist and large surface area |
| describe the circumstance of negative pressure in gas exchange | when the diaphragm contracts and the pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure |
| Describe the role of pH regulation in the circulatory system | carbonic acid is formed as by-product of cell respiration and dissolves in blood as carbonic acid. Higher the CO2, Lower the pH. Blood pH lower than 7.4 causes medulla to increase the rate of breathing to rid the body of more CO2. |
| what effect does increase in CO2 have on pH | Decrease in pH |
| Explain the concept of Bohr shift. | As the CO2 increases and pH drops, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lowered |
| Name 3 characteristic of hemoglobin | allosteric, exhibits cooperativity. undergoes conformational change. |
| Describe the Saturation-dissociation curves for haemoglobin | As the graph goes to the RIGHT, the LESS affinity there is |
| Name the regulation of concentration of CO2 in the blood system and explain how it works. | Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate Ion system which maintains the blood at pH7.4. 1. CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid anhydrase helps this. 2. carbonic acid divides into bicarbonate ion and proton. 3 Proton lowers blood pH, bicarbonate ion raises the blood pH. |
| how does nervous system supported to increase the passage of an impulse? | Presence of gillal cells such as schwann cells that form myelin sheath |
| Describe Action potential | sodium channels open and sodium floods into the cell, in response, potassium channels open and potassium floods out of the cell. then sodium-potassium pump restores the membrane to its original polarized condition which is called refractory period |
