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| He studied Group Pressure how we conform to what is in front of us instead of going against the grain when in a group. He concluded that people will usually voice their own convictions if just one other person has differed from the majority. In 1946 reasoned that your first line of reasoning predicts what is most common, a primary effect (other things being equal information presented first usually has the most influence). | Solomon Asch |
| Cognitive Theory) we feel tension , or a lack of harmony (dissonance) when two simultaneously accessible thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) are psychologically inconsistent. Brings about mixed feeling Social Comparison he argued that we as humans want evaluate our opinion and abilities, something we can do by comparing our views with others | Leon Festinger |
| Helped discover the misinformation effect, where a person's recollection of an event in combination with what they may be told about it produces a false memory. | Elizabeth Loftus |
| Obedience and Punishment Experiments Electric Shocks Closeness and legitimacy of the authority His "obedience experiments elicited an extreme form of compliance under optimum conditions - a legitimate, close-at-hand commander, a remote victim, and no one else to exemplify disobedience - 65 percent of his adult male participants fully obeyed instructions to deliver what were supposedly traumatizing electric shocks to a screaming innocent victim in an adjacent room" | Stanley Milgram |
| French agricultural engineer. Interested in teamwork dynamics. His interests lay in determining the relative efficiency of work done by horses, oxen, men, and machinery in various agricultural applications. Ringelmann Effect - People become less productive when they worked with others. Loss increases as group become larger. Theorized the loss was due to coordination Social Loafing theory *Example of his research: he found that when a group of men were asked to pull on a rope, they each pulled less hard than when pulling alone. | Max Ringelmann |
| Conducted studies of norm formation. "Wanted to isolate and the experiment with norm formation" in the laboratory. Studied people's suggestibility. Pinpoint light experiment. P. 189 Studied competition. P. 475 "Experiments with typical 11- and 12-year-old boys." Three week summer camp experience. P. 475 "Competition kindles conflict." | Muzafer Sherif |
| Social facilitation theory - the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others. "Noticed that cyclists' times were faster when they raced together than when each one raced alone against the clock." His theory was that "others presence boosts performance." | Norman Triplett |
| After obtaining his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1955, Robert Zajonc became a professor there until 1994, having held the positions of Director of the Institute for Social Research and Director of the Research Center for Group Dynamics. He then joined the faculty at Stanford University, where he is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology. Throughout his long and distinguished career, Professor Zajonc has had research interests in basic processes implicated in social behavior, with a special emphasis on the interface between affect and cognition. In a series of well-known studies, he examined circumstances under which affective influences can take place in the absence of cognitive contributions. For this ground-breaking work Professor Zajonc has received a number of honors, including Doctorates Honoris Causa from the University of Louvain, the Society for Experimental Social Psychology Distinguished Scientist Award, and the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. | Robert Zajonc |
| Philip Zimbardo was born in 1933 in New York City. He entered Brooklyn College with the idea of majoring in the social psychology of race relations. Instead, for awhile, he researched exploratory behavior in albino rats. He received his bachelor's degree in 1954 from Brooklyn College. Eventually, Zimbardo returned to social psychology and earned his Ph.D. in that field from Yale University in 1959. He taught at Yale and New York University before accepting a position at Stanford University in 1968. | Philip Zimbardo |
| Developed the idea of groupthink, a phenomenon where "decision making groups suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony." | Irving Janis |
