| A | B |
|---|
| Number of species and abundance of each | Species diversity |
| Killing and consuming another organism | Predation |
| Interaction in which both species benefit | Mutualism |
| Sequence of species in a disturbed area | Succesion |
| Interaction where one species benefits and the other is harmed | Parasitism |
| Species richness | Number of species |
| Interaction in which one species benefits | Commensalism |
| Plants growing where bare rock was | Pioneer species |
| What are characteristics of a pioneer species? | Small, fast growing, short reproductive cycle, readily disperse their seeds (e.g. dandelions, ragweed, crabgrass) |
| What are consequences of mimicry? | You don’t know which is poisonous, so it is beneficial so the harmless species is preyed upon less. |
| In what way are tapeworms specialized for a parasitic lifestyle? | No digestive system |
| Why are larger land areas capable of supporting more species? | There is a greater diversity of habitats in a large space to support more species richness |
| What can be the effect of removing a predatory species from an environment? | Prey numbers will increase |
| What pioneer species secretes acids that dissolve rock, releasing minerals for plant growth? | Lichen |
| Give examples of mimicry | King snake is mimic of coral snake; viceroy butterfly is mimic of monarch |
| Describe the predator adaptations for finding prey in the following animals: spider, tiger, and rattlesnake. | Spider - webs; tiger - striped coat for camouflage; rattlesnake - heat sensitive pits |
| How do endoparasites differ from ectoparasites? | Endoparasites (e.g. tapeworm, malaria) are inside, and ectoparasites (e.g. leeches, mosquitos, fleas, and ticks) are outside |
| When is competition most intense between closely related species? | If they use the same resources |
| What are 3 hypotheses that help explain the species richness that occurs at tropical latitudes? | Stable climate, ice age didn't affect those latitudes (so they've been around a long time), can photosynthesize all year (energy available all year) |
| What is the longest held hypothesis that explains the relationship between species richness and community stability? | Species richness improves communities stability |
| What results led to the conclusion that species richness in grasses was found to improve a community’s stability? | The plot that had more species richness lost least amount of plant mass during drought and recovers more quickly |
| What effect do organisms have on succession? | Organisms that move in change an environment and make it more suitable for more new organisms to come in |
| What are some adaptations that plants have evolved to protect them from being eaten? | Thorns, spikes, sticky hairs, produce chemicals, tough leaves |
| What kind of relationship is illustrated by cattle egrets and Cape buffalo? | Commensalism |
| What kind of relationship is illustrated by certain flowers and nectar-feeding bats? | Mutualism |
| How are humans decreasing species diversity? | Pollution, eating them, introducing new species that take over, changing habitats for agriculture or building cities |
| Area rich in wildlife having two seasons – wet and dry | Savanna |
| Nitrates converted into nitrogen gas | Denitrification |
| Deep water in the open ocean | Oceanic zone |
| Carnivores eat... | ...other consumers |
| Ammonia converted into nitrates and nitrites | Nitrification |
| Areas with low rainfall, rich soil, and grasses | Temperate grassland |
| Decomposers | Obtain nutrients from dead organisms |
| Neritic | Ocean over a continental shelf |
| What role do decomposers play in ecosystems? | Break down dead things |
| What is the general scheme of a biogeochemical cycle? | Takes inorganic substances (water, nitrogen dioxide, etc.) from an abiotic portion of the environment to biotic and back to abiotic |
| In the carbon cycle, does carbon move from the biotic portion to the abiotic portion of its cycle during photosynthesis or is the reverse true? | Abiotic --> biotic |
| How do deserts differ from other biomes? (temperature) | Much hotter during day, (can get cold at night or have a winter, not just found in tropical areas, not hot temperature all year) |
| What are estuaries | Where freshwater meets saltwater |
| What are organisms that obtain energy by making their own organic molecules called? | Autotrophs / producer |
| What biome has the highest net primary productivity PER UNIT AREA? | Estuaries, tropical forests |
| What biome has the highest net primary productivity? | Estuaries, tropical forests OR oceans |
| How do food chains differ from food webs? | Food chains is one linear relationship, food web is more complex |
| How do tundra and taiga biomes differ? | In the tundra, there is permafrost and no trees; in taiga, there are well acclimated trees |
| How are temperate deciduous forests characterized? | Lose their leaves in winter |
| What kinds of water conserving adaptations may desert organisms exhibit? | Store water, stomata opens only at night (reducing water loss), nocturnal, don’t require moist skin |
| How do the photic and aphotic zones differ? | Light penetrates through photic but not aphotic zone |
| What is the most productive marine zone? | Neritic zone |
| What do omnivores eat? | Producers and consumers |
| What kinds of challenges do animals living in savannas face? | Adapted for long periods of drought |
| Why is so little energy passed from one trophic level to the next? | Some organisms escape being eaten, energy used by prey for cellular respiration can’t be used by predators to synthesize new biomass, no transformation or transfer of energy is 100% efficient |
| In the carbon cycle, during which process in carbon converted from an inorganic form into an organ form? | Carbon fixation IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
| In a food chain, what do you start with and where? | Producer at the base |
| What are the 5 levels of the food chain? | Bottom --> top : producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary, quaternary |
| What parasites do not have a digestive system? | Tapeworm |
| What is the ocean over the continental shelf? | Neritic |
| What obtains nutrients from dead organisms? | Decomposers |
| What secrete acids that dissolve rock, and release minerals for plant growth? | Lichens |
| What determines a desert biome? | Little rain |
| What are areas of shallow water where fresh water flows into the sea? | Estuaries |
| Examples of endoparasites | Tapeworm, malaria, plasmodium |
| Examples of ectoparasites | Mosquito, flea, leech, tick |
| Are the tropics considered stable? | Yes |
| What is the community’s resistance to change? | Stability |
| If a community has more species, is it more or less stable and able to withstand greater disturbances? | More species = more stable |
| Describe pioneer species | First to develop. After a wipeout: the first to redevelop. They are small, and reproduce and grow quickly. |
| Why does species richness in grasses improve stability of a community? | Most grass species are resistant to drought |
| How do food chains differ from food webs? | Food webs are made up of many food chains, while a food chain shows only one pathway and a food web is many pathways interlinked |
| Which type of tree lose their leaves? | Deciduous |
| Grasses have adaptations for what harsh environment? | Drought |
| What is the process where organisms change the environment so that it can support the growth of other species? | Succesion |
| What are some physical defenses of a plant and what is their purpose? | Prickly thorns – keep away predators; thick leaves = hard to eat; spines = protection from predators |
| How are humans decreasing species diversity? | Pollution, cutting down rainforest, over hunting, inbreeding |
