| A | B |
|---|
| Mathieu Orfila | The father of forensic toxicology. Published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. This treatise established forensic toxicology as a legitimate scientific endeavor. |
| Alphonse Bertillon | Devised the first scientific system of personal identification. In 1879, he began to develop the science of anthropometry, a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another. Eventually replaced by fingerprinting. The father of criminal identification. |
| Francis Galton | Undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. Published a book title Finger Prints, which contained the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method of personal identification. His work went on to describe the basic principles that form the present system of identification by fingerprints. |
| Leone Lattes | In 1901, he discovered that blood can be grouped into different categories. These blood groups or types are now recognized as A, B, AB, and O. In 1915, he devised a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bnloodstain, a technique that he immediately applied to criminal investigations. |
| Calvin Goddard | To determine whether a particular gun has fired a bullet requires a comparison of the bullet with one that has been test-fired from the suspect's weapon. A U.S. Army colonel, refined the techniques of such an examination by using the comparison microscope. His expertise established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner. |
| Albert S. Osborn | His development of the fundamental principles of document examination was responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts. In 1910, he authored the first significant text in this field, Questioned Documents. This book is still considered a primary reference for document examiners. |
| Walter C. McCrone | The world's preeminent microscopist. A tireless advocate for applying microscopy to analytical problems, especially forensic science cases. |
| Hans Gross | Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation in 1893. A public prosecutor and judge in Austria. Spent many years studying and developing principles of criminal investigation. Wrote the bok, Criminal Investigation. |
| Edmond Locard | Demonstrated how the principles enunciated by gross could be incorporated within a workable crime laboratory. Formal education was in medicine and law. Founder and director of the Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons. Developed the Exchange Principle. |
