| A | B |
|---|
| Glaciers | huge sheets of ice that cover parts of the Earth at various periods of history |
| Mesoamerica | middle America |
| Olmec | the people that lived near present-day Vera Cruz, Mexico; 1200 B.C.E. – 400 B.C.E. |
| Teotihuacan | “Place of the Gods,” the Olmec major city; one of the first planned cities in America; height reached at about 400 C.E. |
| Maya | an indigenous people of the Yucatan Peninsula |
| Toltec | an indigenous people of what is now northern Mexico |
| Monopoly | total control of a single product or service |
| Moche | an indigenous people of the dry coastal plain of what is now Chile /Peru |
| Inca | an indigenous empire created in northwest South America in the Andes Mountains |
| Cuzco | the capital city of the Inca; founded about 1100 C.E. |
| Hohokam | an indigenous people of what is now the state of Arizona; the culture and unity was thought to begin about 300 C.E |
| Anasazi | an indigenous people of what is now the canyons and cliffs of northeastern Arizona and western New Mexico; culture began to develop about 600 C.E. |
| Cahokia | the largest city of the Mississippian culture; located in what is now southwestern Illinois |
| Peten | “Mayan word meaning “flat region”; the region largely in present-day Guatemala, an area with abundantly rich vegetation and life. |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec city located at present-day Mexico City, “place of prickly pear cactus” |
| Pachacuti | “Earthshaker”; an Inca leader; built one of the strongest and largest ancient empires in the Americas (2,500 miles); created a strong central government; had built an extensive roads network through the entire empire. |
| Igloos | dome-shaped home made from blocks of ice |
| Adobe | sun-dried mud bricks which were used to make home and other structures in the deserts of North America |
| Confederations | governments that link several groups (a loose association of different cultures and people) |
| Iroquois | a most prominent confederation of the peoples of the North American northeast. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sea captain who sailed under the Spanish flag to the Americas |
| Hispaniola | the island where present-day countries of Haiti and Dominican Republic are located |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquers |
| Extremadura | a part of Spain that was a harsh environment and produced some of the most feared conquistadors |
| Hernan Cortes | the conquistador who conquered the Aztec civilization |
| Montezuma II | Aztec Emperor who was confronted and conquered by Cortes |
| Malintzin | a woman who served as a translator for the Cortes expedition to conquer the Aztec Empire |
| Treason | to express disloyalty to the government or leader |
| Francisco Pizarro | the conquistador who conquered the Inca civilization |
| Atahualpa | Incan emperor who was confronted and defeated by Pizarro |
