| A | B |
|---|
| The application of molecular genetics for practical purposes is what? | Genetic engineering |
| What are certain bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA molecules into more manageable pieces? | Restriction enzymes |
| What is a ring of DNA found in a bacterium in addition to its main chromosome? | Plasmid |
| What is a specific gene isolated from another organism? | Donor gene |
| What is a combination of DNA from two or more sources? | Recombinant DNA |
| What is a host organism receiving recombinant DNA? | Transgenic organism |
| What is a pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual’s DNA? | DNA fingerprint |
| What sugar is found in the structure of DNA? | Deoxyribose |
| What is the molecule that contains a nitrogen component of the DNA? | Nitrogen-containing base |
| List the four nitrogenous bases | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| What is the shape that Watson and Crick suggested for a molecule of DNA? | Double helix |
| What is a purine? | Two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (adenine, guanine) |
| What is a pyrimidine? | One ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine, thymine) |
| DNA nucleotides normally pair in these combinations called what? | Complementary base pairs |
| What rule states that cytosine bonds with guanine and adenine bonds with thymine? | Base pairing rules |
| What is the process of copying DNA in a cell called? | Replication |
| If the sequence is CGGATT, what would the complementary sequence be? | GCCTAA |
| What is the sugar in a RNA nucleotide? | Ribose |
| Instead of thiamine, what base pair does RNA have? | Uracil |
| What RNA consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of the eukaryotic cell? | Messenger RNA / mRNA |
| What RNA consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single chain about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds specific amino acids and of which there are 45 varieties? | Transfer RNA / tRNA |
| What RNA is the most abundant form and consists of RNA nucleotides in a globular form and are the location where with the ribosomes the proteins are made? | Ribosomal RNA / rRNA |
| The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA is called what? | Transcription |
| What is the primary transcription enzyme that synthesizes RNA copies of specific sequences of DNA and initiates RNA transcription by binding to specific regions of DNA? | RNA polymerase |
| The specific regions of DNA where transcription can begin are called what? | Promoters |
| Transcription continues one nucleotide at a time the RNA polymerase reaches the DNA region that marks the end, which releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA molecule. This DNA region is called what? | Termination signal |
| What is the production of proteins? | Protein synthesis |
| The genetic information necessary for making proteins is encoded in a series of three mRNA nucleotides which is called a what? | Codon |
| What is the process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA? | Translation |
| What involves extracting DNA from a specimen of blood or other tissue and cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes? | RFLP analysis |
| What technique separates fragments of DNA according to size and charge? | Gel electrophoresis |
| What can be used quickly to make many copies of selected segments of available DNA? | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
| What project had humans from all over the world collaborating on, one of the most ambitious research efforts in history, to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and to map the location of every gene on each chromosome? | Human Genome Project |
| What do we call treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell’s genome? | Gene therapy |
| What states that all living things come from other living things? | Biogenesis |
| What states that living things can arise from non-living things? | Spontaneous generation |
| What is it called when isotopes tend to release particles and/or radiant energy? What are these isotopes called? | Radioactive decay, radioactive isotopes |
| What are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain? | Isotopes |
| What is the mass number of an isotope? | Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus |
| Was the original earth’s atmosphere like Earth’s atmosphere today? | No |
| What is the role of the ozone in the atmosphere? | It absorbs intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is damaging to DNA so life can exist on land |
| What is the approximate age of the Earth and how did it form? | Formed 5 billion years ago; Earth was thought to have formed from violent collisions of gas and dust in the solar system |
| Was the first life prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| What is the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light? | Chemosynthesis |
| Two types of autotrophy that developed to provide organic molecules to sustain life were? | Photoautotrophy, chemoautotrophy |
| What is a trace of a long dead organism? | Fossil |
| What is a type of fossil that is essentially an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism? | Mold |
| What is a rocklike model of an organism? | Cast |
| What rule states that successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another by wind or water so that in a cross section of Earth, the lowest layer is the oldest and the top is the most recent? | Law of superposition |
| If you could say that a fossil was older or younger than another fossil what have you found? | Relative age |
| If a scientist could use radiological evidence and find its age in years, what have you found? | Absolute age |
| What is the study of a geographical distribution of fossils and of living organisms? | Biogeography |
| What is a trait that is not determined by genes? | Acquired trait |
| What is a process that suggests the organisms that are best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms? | Natural selection |
| What is a single species interbreeding group? | Population |
| What is the study that holds that the geological structure of the earth resulted from cycles of observable process and that these same processes operate continuously through time? | Uniformitarianism |
| What has happened when a population of organisms has a change in their genetic makeup as the population evolves so that a higher proportion of genes for favorable traits increases? | Adaptation |
| In an evolving population, a single organism’s genetic contribution to the next generation is termed what? | Fitness |
| A favorable trait is said to give the organism that has it a what? | Adaptive advantage |
| What is a feature that is similar to a feature that originated in a shared ancestor? | Homologous |
| What is a feature that serves an identical function and look somewhat alike, but has developed along a completely different pathway and may have a very different internal anatomy? | Analogous |
| What is a feature that was useful to its ancestor, but is no longer useful to the modern organism that has them? | Vestigial features |
| What is something that has remained unchanged? | Conserved |
| What is the change of two or more species is close association with each other? | Coevolution |
| What evolution occurs when the environment selects similar phenotypes, even though the ancestral types were quite different from each other? | Convergent evolution |
| What evolution occurs when two or more related populations or species become more and more dissimilar? | Divergent evolution |
| What occurs when many related species evolve from a single ancestral species? | Adaptive radiation |
| What is the branch of biology that means the names and groups of organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history? | Taxonomy |
| Who was the first scientist who organized organisms into two groups - plants or animals? | Aristotle |
| This two part system in which the first name is capitalized and the second is lower cased is called what? | Species name |
| What is the first part of a species name? | Genus |
| What is the second part of a species name? | Species identifier |
| Put Linnaeus classification system in order starting with the largest and finishing with the smallest. | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| What kingdom includes unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes as well as biochemical and genetic properties that differ from all other kinds of life? | Archaebacteria |
| What is the evolutionary history of an organism? | Phylogeny |
| What kingdom includes unicellular prokaryotes that most affect your life both for good and bad? | Eubacteria |
| What kingdom is made up of a wide variety of eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms like the amoeba and Euglena with a few multicellular organisms like the giant kelp? | Protista |
| What kingdom is made up of heterotrophic multicellular and unicellular eukaryotic organisms that absorbs its nutrients rather than ingests, most commonly mushrooms? | Fungi |
| What kingdom includes autotrophic multicellular eukaryotes and include mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants? | Plantae |
| What kingdom consists of heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes and include bears! | Animalia |
| There is an alternative to the 6 kingdom system in which the groups are broken into 3 broad groups of what? What are the names of the three groups? | Domains: Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) |
| What is a bacterium that captures energy from sunlight? | Photoautotrophs |
| What is a bacterium that obtains energy from dead organisms? | Saprophyte |
| What is a bacterium that obtains energy from inorganic substances? | Chemoautotrophic |
| Which bacteria - Gram-negative bacteria or Gram-positive bacteria - appear purple when they undergo the Gram-stain procedure? | Gram-positive |
| Describe the big difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria kingdoms. | Environments (archaebacteria can live in harsh environments); Different materials in cell walls |
| What are the three shapes of bacteria? | Rods, spheres, spiral |
| What is a nonliving particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat? | Virus |
| What size are viruses usually? | 20-250 nanometers |
| Viruses are grouped according to what? | The presence of a capsid structure and an envelope |
| In what cycle is a virus that stays in their host cell for an extended period of time before causing destruction? | Lysogenic cycle |
| What are the steps of the lysogenic cycle? | Attachment of virus to host cell, injection of viral DNA, integration of viral DNA into host genome, multiplication of host cell with viral DNA |
| How are viral diseases treated? | Vaccinations for prevention, antiviral drugs that interfere with viral nucleic acid synthsis |
| What are the diseases associated with these viruses? HIV, chicken, pox virus, hepatitis B virus, influenza | HIV- AIDS, Chicken pox- Shingles, Hep B- Hepatitis, Influenza- flu |
| Diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms like protozoa, algae, slime molds are? | Protists |
| Single-celled microscopic organisms noted for their ability to move independently are… | Protozoa |
| In what habitats are protozoa usually found? | Moist |
| What are large, rounded cytoplasmic extensions that function in movement? | Pseudopodia |
| Pseudopods are used for what functions? | Capturing food |
| What is an ancient group of shelled sarcodines found primarily in the oceans and their “shells” have chambers and are made of calcium carbonate with a slender pseudopodia extending through the openings of the “shell”? | Foramnifera |
| What disease, also known as sleeping sickness, is transmitted by the tsetse fly which lives only in Africa and is characterized by sleepiness, mental deterioration and coma? | Panasomisus |
| What disease is transmitted by the kissing bug where patients suffer from a high fever and severe heart damage? | Trypanosomiasis |
| What disease is characterized by severe diarrhea and cramps and usually caused by drinking contaminated water? | Giardiasus |
| What is a disease that causes few to no symptoms in adults with healthy immune systems, but can be dangerous to developing fetus or newborn and is carried by cat and bird feces? | Toxoplasmosis |
| What is a very serious disease characterized by severe chills, fever, sweating fatigue and great thirst. Victims die of anemia, kidney failure, or brain damage? | Malaria |
| What are fungi called that grow on breads and oranges and are tangles masses of filaments of cells? | Mold |
| What are unicellular organisms whose colonies resemble bacteria and are best known for making bread rise? | Yeast |
| What are filaments of fungi called? | Hyphae |
| What is the study of fungi called? | Mycology |
| What is a mat of fungi that is visible to the unaided eye called? | Mycelium |
| What are the hyphae that anchor mold to the surface of bread and penetrate the bread’s surface callled? | Rhizoid |
| What are hyphae of mold that grow across the surface of the bread? | Stolon |
| What are the small club-like reproductive structures of basidiomycetes? | Basidia |
| What is a symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots? Ninety % of plants have this relationship? | Mycorrhiza |
| What represents a symbiotic relationship with fungus and a photosynthetic partner (usually algae or cynobacteria)? | Lichens |
| Are all fungi good to eat? | No |
| What is the process called where energy from the sun is transferred into organic compounds? | Photosynthesis |
| What is the complex series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction? | Biochemical pathway |
| What is the initial reaction in photosynthesis where light is absorbed by chloroplasts? | Light reactions |
| The thylakoids are surrounded by a solution called what? | Stroma |
| Remember that chloroplasts are arranged in flattened discs and some of these discs are layered on top on each of each other to form stacks. What are these stacks called? | Grana |
| What is a compound that can absorb light called? | Pigment |
| What are the most important pigments that absorbs violet, blue and red light and that are located in the thylakoids? | Chlorophyll a |
| Any pigments that are not directly involved in photosynthesis, but assist in capturing light energy are called what? | Accessory pigments |
| What compounds are found in the thylakoids membrane that also function as accessory pigments and are yellow, orange and brown? | Carotenoids |
| The chlorophylls and carotenoids grouped into clusters of a few hundred pigment molecules in the thylakoids membrane called what? | Photosystem |
| What product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is released and does not participate further in photosynthesis? | Oxygen |
| What is second set of reactions in photosynthesis that is the biochemical pathway that produces organic compounds using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH during the light reaction? | Calvin cycle |
| What occurs when carbon atoms from carbon dioxide are bonded into organic compounds? | Carbon fixation |
| Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate? | From the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions |
| Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate? | Oxygen |
| In the light reactions, how does the flow of energy occur (this is in reference to the photosystems)? | Photosystem II --> I |
| Small pores that are located on the undersurface of leaves that can partially close when the air is hot and dry to reduce plants water loss are called what? | Stomata |
| What is the source of oxygen in the light reaction? | Splitting of water |
| In what part of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide fixed? | Calvin cycle |
| What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis? | Light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature |
| What has a central vacuole and have thin, flexible cell walls and are involved in many metabolic functions like photosynthesis and storage of water and nutrients? | Parenchyma |
| What cells have cells have thick, even, rigid cells walls and usually occur in areas where growth has stopped? | Schlerenchyma |
| What system forms the outside covering of the plants and protects and absorbs? | Dermal tissue system |
| What cells are thick with irregular cell walls? | Collenchyma |
| What system functions in storage, metabolism and support and has parenchyma cells for its most common cells and is made up of non-woody roots, stems and leaves? | Ground tissue system |
| What system functions in transport and support and is made up of xylem and phloem? | Vascular tissue system |
| What regions of the plant continually divide? | Meristems |
| What regions of the plants grow in length and are located in the stems and roots? | Apical meristems |
| What is in most gymnosperms and dicots and allows the stems and roots to increase in diameter? | Lateral meristems |
| What are located between the xylem and phloem and produces additional vascular tissues? | Vascular cambium |
| What is growth in length and occurs in apical meristem? | Primary growth |
| What is growth in diameter and occurs in lateral meristem? | Secondary growth |
| During spring when water is plentiful vascular cambium forms new xylem that is wide and thin walled which is called what? | Springwood |
| During the summer, water is more limited, the cells are thinner and called what? | Summerwood |
| The abrupt change between small cells and larger cells forms what? | Annual ring |
| During the day water is constantly evaporating from the plant mainly through the stomata of the leave, this process is called? | Transpiration |
| The coiled structure that is a specialized leaf found in many vines that wraps around many objects to support the climbing vine is called? | Tendril |
| Give 3 examples of leaf adaptations and their functions | Tendrils climb, tubular leaves trap insects, spines protect against herbivores |
| What is ground tissue that is composed of chloroplast rich parenchyma cells? | Mesophyll |
| What is the layer of mesophyll that is directly below the upper epidermis? | Palisade |
| What is the layer of mesophyll that consists of irregular shaped cells surrounded by large air spaces? | Spongy mesophyll |
| What are the male reproductive structures that consist of anthers and filaments? | Stamen |
| What are the female reproductive structures that consist of stigma, style and ovary? | Pistil |
| What describes a plant that produces two types of spores? Examples? | Heterospory; seed plants, spike mosses, quillworts, and some fern species |
| What describes a plant that produces one kind of spore? Example? | Homospory; mosses |
| How are large showy flowers pollinated? | Insects and animals |
| How are small inconspicuous flowers pollinated? | Wind |
| Give examples of fruit dispersal. | Burrs, wind/water (e.g. coconut), gravity (pine) |
| Give examples of seed dispersal. | Wind (e.g. orchids have dustlike seeds), forcibly discharge seeds from fruits |
| What relationship occurs when killing and consuming another organism happens? | Predation |
| What is the principle used to describe situations in which one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resources? | Competitive exclusion |
| What is a cooperative relationship in which both species derive some benefit? | Mutualism |
| What are internal parasites that live on their host but don’t enter the host’s body? Give examples. | Ectoparasites; tick, flea, mosquito, leech, lice |
| What is an interaction in which one species benefits and another is not affected? | Commensalism |
| What is a characteristic of a community that reflects the number of species it contains? | Species richness |
| What reflects the number of species in the community related to the abundance of each species? | Species diversity |
| What is the relationship called where larger areas usually contain more species than smaller areas? | Species-area effect |
| What is a community’s resistance to change called? | Stability |
| What is a gradual, sequential regrowth of species in an area called? | Succession |
| What is the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously, such as bare rock, a sand due, or an island formed by volcanic eruption, called? | Primary succession |
| What is the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community that may stem from a natural disaster like a flood or forest fire, or a human event? | Secondary succession |
| What is the term for a species that predominates early succession that tends to be fast growing, small and fast reproducing? | Pioneer species |
| Increases one’s own genes by helping related individuals reproduce. | Kin selection |
| What are organisms that are autotrophs, capture energy and use it to make their own organic compounds called? | Producers |
| What are heterotrophs or organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organic molecules made by other organisms called? | Consumers |
| What is a very large terrestrial ecosystem that contains a number of smaller but related ecosystems within it called? | Biome |
| What is a cold, but largely treeless biome that forms a continuous belt across northern North America, Europe, and Asia and is the largest, northernmost biome covering 1/5 the world’s land? | Tundra |
| What is south of the tundra, a forested biome dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees like pines, firs and hemlock and stretches across large areas of North America, Europe and Asia? | Taiga |
| What biome is characterized by trees that lose all of their leaves in the fall that stretch across eastern north America, much of Europe, and parts of Asia and Southern Hemisphere? | Temperate deciduous forests |
| What are dominated by grasses and from interior of continents at the same latitude as temperate deciduous forest? | Temperate grasslands |
| What are areas that receive an average of less than 25 cm of rainfall per year? | Deserts |
| What are tropical or subtropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs that has seasons of wet and dry so that animals need to survive drought? | Savannas |
| What are a characterized by tall trees and found near the equator in Asia, Africa, South America, and Central America with year round growing conditions and abundant rainfall, it is the most abundant biome? | Tropical rain forests |
| What is the part of the ocean that is dark and cold and sunlight does not penetrate? | Aphotic |
| What is the part of the ocean that receives light? | Photic |
| Where is highest net primary productivity found? | Estuaries, tropical forests |
| Give an example of porifera. | Sponges |
| Examples of Cnidaria | jellyfish, coral, sea anenome |
| Platyhelminthes aka | flatworm |
| Annelida examples | Ragworm, earthworm, leech |
| Nematode aka | roundworm |
| Echinodermata examples | Sea urchins, starfish |
| Crustacean examples | Crabs, lobster, shrimp |
| Arachnida examples | Spider (e.g. Black Widow) |
| In what type of mimicry are both species harmful? | Mullerian |
| In what type of mimicry is one species of the harmful? | Batesian |
| What is a distinguishing defensive structure found in cnidarians? | Cnidocytes |
| What is the most common roundworm human parasite in the U.S.? | Caenorhabditis elegans |
| What is an advantage of a segmented body? | Less energy used to move |
| What is the study of insects called? | Entomology |
| What are the characteristics of a vertebrate? | Vertebrae, skull to protect brain, endoskeleton composed of bone or cartilage |
| What are the characteristics of a mammal? | Endothermic, circulatory system, respiratory system for efficient gas exchane |
| What are the characteristics that allow birds to fly? | Hollow bones, wings, feathers |
| Study of birds is called... | Ornithology |
| Why are reptiles able to move way from water, unlike amphibians? | Can retain moisture better |
| What do amphibians use to respire? | Skin, lungs |
