| A | B |
|---|
| OBSERVATION | WHAT IS SEEN OR MEASURED |
| INFERENCE | A CONCLUSION BASED ON OBSERVATION OR EVIDENCE |
| HYPOTHESIS | AN UNTESTED PREDICTION... "I THINK THAT IF________ THEN _________ WILL HAPPEN. |
| A BROAD EXPLANATION OF NATURAL EVENTS THAT IS SUPPORTED BY STRONG EVIDENCE | THEORY |
| COMPARES THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT BETWEEN 2 OR MORE GROUPS | CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT |
| EXPERIMENTAL GROUP | GROUP BEING TESTED OR RECEIVING TREATMENT |
| "NORMAL GROUP" SHOULD BE IDENTICAL TO EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN EVERY WAY EXCEPT ONE, EXAMPLE DOESN'T GET THE MIRACLE GROW .. JUST REGULAR SOIL | CONTROL GROUP |
| A SUGAR PILL OR OTHER "FAKE" TREATMENT GIVE TO THE CONTROL GROUP SO SUBJECTS DO NOT KNOW WHICH GROUP THEY ARE IN | PLACEBO |
| VARIABLE THAT IS BEING TESTED (WHAT YOU CONTROL AS THE SCIENTIST) ALWAYS ON THE X AXIS | INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
| VARIABLE THAT IS MEASURED AT THE END OF AN EXPERIMENT, THE RESULTS ARE ALWAYS PLOTTED ON THE Y AXIS | DEPENDENT VARIABLE |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EXPERIMENT INCLUDE: | 1. CAN BE REPEATED AND GET SAME RESULTS 2. LARGE SAMPLE SIZE 3. ARE PERFORMED OVER LONGER PERIODS OF TIME 4. PEER REVIEWED |
| ALL LIVING THINGS MUST MAINTAIN _______________. | HOMEOSTASIS |
| TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS ORGANISMS CARRY OUT THE SAME BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS INCLUDING: | NUTRITION, EXCRETION, TRANSPORT, RESPIRATION, GROWTH, SYNTHESIS, AND REGULATION |
| ALL LIFE PROCESSES MAKE UP AN ORGANISM'S ___________. | METABOLISM |
| MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD (THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS) | AUTOTROPHS |
| MUST EAT OTHER ORGANISMS TO GET NUTRITION | HETEROTROPHS |
| PROCESS OCCURS IN THE CLOROPLAST OF PLANTS | PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
| CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTEHSIS | CO2 + H2O __SUN__> C6H1206 + 02 |
| SMALL HOLES IN PLANTS THAT ALLOW GAS EXCHANGE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS | STOMATES |
| OPEN AND CLOSE THE STOMATES | GUARD CELLS |
| ORGANISMS GET ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN SUGAR. THE RELEASED ENERGY IS USED TO MAKE ATP | RESPIRATION |
| CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR CELL RESPIRATION | 02 + C6H1206 __MITO__> C02 + H20 + ATP |
| AEROBIC RESPRIATION | REQUIRES OXYGEN AND MAKES MORE ATP FOR A MOLECULE OF SUGAR THAN ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION |
| WHEN HUMANS ARE FORCED TO GET ENERGY FROM ANAEROBIC RESPRIATION WE PRODUCE __________ THAT DAMAGES MUSCLES (THE BURN YOU FEEL DURING EXERCISE) | LACTIC ACID |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF OF MOLECULES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION (REQUIRES NO ENERGY - PASSIVE TRANSPORT) |
| TRANSPORT THAT REQUIRES THE USE OF ENERGY, USUALLY MOVING MOLECULES FROM A LOW CONCTRATION TO A HIGH CONCENTRATION | ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
| THE MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION ONLY (IN OR OUT OF THE CELL) | OSMOSIS |
| COORDINATION AND CONTROL OF LIFE FUNCTION | REGULATION |
| A ______ IS A CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT YOU RESPOND TO | STIMULUS |
| A ________ IS A NERVE CELL. | NEURON |
| __________ ARE CHEMICALS THAT HELP CARRY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES THROUGH THE NERVES | NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
| A ________ IS A CHEMICAL SIGNAL SECRETED BY DIFFERENT GLANDS IN THE BODY (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM) | HORMONES |
| NAME SOME HORMONES YOU KNOW | INSULIN, ADRENALINE, TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGEN |
| _______ ARE PROTEINS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE THAT RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. THESE ARE NEEDED FOR CELLS TO COMMUNICATE AND WORK TOGETHER. | CELL RECEPTOR MOLECULES |
| THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS IN LIVING THINGS ARE: | CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN |
| ORGANIC COMPOUNDS | HAVE CARBON IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN EX: C6H1206 |
| IS H20 ORGANIC? | NO IT DOESN'T HAVE BOTH CARBON AND HYDROGEN SO IT IS CONSIDERED INORGANIC |
| SUGAR AND STARCHES ARE KNOWN AS? | CARBOHYDRATES |
| STORE ENERGY AND INCLUDE FATS, OILS AND WAXES | LIPIDS |
| _______ ARE MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS | PROTEINS |
| IT IS THE _______ OF PROTEINS AND HOW THEY FIT TOGTHER THAT DETERMINES WHAT PROTEINS CAN DO | SHAPE |
| FOUR SPECIFIC PROTEINS: | ENZYMES, RECEPTOR MOLECULES, ANTIBODIES, HORMONES |
| AFFECT THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS | ENZYMES/CATALYSTS |
| LOCK AND KEY MODEL | ONE TYPE OF ENZYME FITS ONE TYPE OF MOLECULE. CHANGE SHAPE AND THE ENZYME WILL NO LONGER WORK |
| WHAT DO VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES DO TO ENZYMES? | DE-NATURE THEM (CHANGE THEIR SHAPE) ENZYMES MAY NOT WORK PROPERLY, THIS IS WHY HIGH FEVERS ARE SO DANGEROUS |
| PH MEASURES THE STRENGTHS OF _________ AND __________ | ACIDS AND BASES |
| A LOW pH (0-6.9 ) | ACID |
| A HIGH pH (7.1 -14) | BASE |
| pH OF 7 | NEUTRAL (WATER) |
| BASIC UNIT OF LIFE | CELLS |
| CELL THEORY: | ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS |
| YOU MUST KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS | SEE YOUR NOTES |
| YOU MUST KNOW THE FOLLOWING CELL ORGANELLES: CELL MEMBRANE, CELL WALL, NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLAST, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOME, VACUOLE, MITOCHONDRIA | SEE YOUR NOTES |
| REMEMBER ALL CELLS HAVE | CELL MEMBRANE |
| ONLY PLANTS CELLS HAVE | CELL WALL, CHLOROPLASTS AND LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE |
| A ________ IS ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY REPRODUCE AMONG ITS MEMBERS | SPECIES |
| ORDER FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST: CELL>TISSUE>ORGAN> ORGAN SYSTEM | ORGANIZATION OF CELLS > ORGAN SYSTEMS |
| TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF ________ SPECIALIZED TO DO CERTAIN JOBS | CELLS |
| TISSUES WORK TOGETHER TO FORM ______________. | ORGANS |
| ORGANS WORK TOGETHER TO FORM _________. | ORGAN SYSTEMS EX: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN SO THAT IT IS SMALL ENOUGH TO ENTER THE ________. | CELLS |
| THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS A ONE WAY PASSAGE THROUGH THE BODY THAT INCLUDES: | MOUGH, STOMACH, INTESTINES |
| FOOD IS MOVED THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BY MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS CALLED? | PERISTALSIS |
| FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN THESE TWO WAYS | MECHANICALLY AND CHEMICALLY |
| UNDIGESTED FOOD IS ELIMINATED AS __________ | SOLID WASTE (EGESTION) |
| THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (TRANSPORT SYSTEM) | MOVES MATERIALS (WATER, NUTRIENTS, BLOOD, HORMONES, WASTES) THROUGH THE BODY |
| RED BLOOD CELLS CARRY _________ | OXYGEN / CO2 |
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS _________ | FIGHT DISEASE |
| PLATELETS ARE PROTEINS THAT _____________ | CLOT THE BLOOD |
| THE JOB OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS TO ? | PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS |
| TYPES OF PATHOGENS INCLUDE? | VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND PARASITES |
| ANTIGENS (ON PATHOGENS) THEY ARE BAD | CAUSE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| ANTIBODIES ARE MADE IN THE BODY (THEY AER GOOD) THEY STICK TO ANTIGENS AND MARK THE PATHOGEN TO BE ENGULFED BY ? | WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
| WHAT IS A VACCINE? | AN INJECTION OF WEAKENED OR DEAD PATHOGEN, CAUSES BODY TO MAKE ANTIBODIES AGAINST THAT PATHOGEN |
| DRUGS USED TO STOP BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ONLY | ANTIBIOTICS |
| THE LARGEST MUSCLE THAT ALLOWS BREATHING TO OCCUR | DIAPHRAGM |
| THE ALVEOLI IS THE LOCATION FOR GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS.. EXPLAIN | OXYGEN ENTERS THE BLOOD AND CARBON DIOXIDE LEAVES IN THE ALVEOLI WHICH IS SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES (SMALLEST TYPE OF BLOOD VESSELS) |
| SYSTEM THAT REMOVES METABOLIC WASTE FROM YOUR BODY IS CALLED | EXCRETORY SYSTEM |
| YOUR BODY EXCRETES: | UREA, SALT, WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE |
| YOUR LUNGS EXCRETE ? | CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER |
| YOUR SKIN EXCRETES ? | SWEAT |
| FILTER WASTE FROM BLOOD AND REABSORB NUTRIENTS | KIDNEYS |
| FILTERS TOXINS FROM THE BLOOD AND ALSO MAKES BILE | LIVER |
| BILE | BREAKS DOWN LIPIDS, HELPS FOOD MOVE THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| WHICH SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD? | NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| _________ CONTROLS THE REFLEXES AND BRINGS IMPULSES FROM THE NERVES TO THE BRAIN | SPINAL CORD |
| REGULATES THE BODY WITH NERVOUS SYSTEM, SLOWER BUT LONGER LASTING EFFECTS | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
| THE JOB OF THE PANCREAS | TO AID IN DIGESTION THE PANCREAS MAKES PANCREATIC JUICE AND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IT MAKES INSULIN TO ALLOW SUGAR TO ENTER THE CELLS |
| WHAT HORMONE DO THE ADRENAL GLANDS MAKE WHEN YOUR BODY IS UNDER STRESS? | ADRENALINE |
| MALE SEX HORMONE | TESTOSTERONE |
| FEMALE SEX HORMONES | ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE |
| ARE DISEASE CAUSING AGENTS | PATHOGENS |
| TYPES OF VIRUSES | AIDS, COLD, FLU, CHICKEN POX |
| TYPES OF BACTERIA | STEP THROAT, FOOD POISONING, BRONCHITIS |
| TYPES OF PARASITES | TAPE WORM, LEECHES, TICKS |
| EX OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS | POLLUTION, LEAD POISENING, RADIATION |
| EX OF ORGAN MALFUNCTION | HEART ATTACK, DIABETES |
| HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR | SMOKING, DRUG USE, OVER EXPOSURE TO THE SUN |
| ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | FASTER, EASIER |
| DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | NO VARIETY, OFFSPRING ARE AN EXACT COPY OF THE PARENT EX: BACTERIA |
| ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | VARIETY |
| DISADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | MORE TIME, EFFORT AND RISK |
| MITOSIS | ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
| DURING MITOSIS ONE CELL DIVISON WILL LEAD TO TWO IDENTICAL CELLS KNOWN AS | 2N DIPLOID |
| IN MITOSIS THE DAUGHTER CELLS ARE ___________ AS THE PARENT | EXACTLY THE SAME |
| LARGE ORGANISMS USE MITOSIS FOR GROWTH AND HEALING (SKIN CELLS), SIMPLE ORGANISMS USE MITOSIS TO REPRODUCE (BACTERIA) | MITOSIS IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF ORGANISMS |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS KNOWN AS | MEIOSIS |
| DURING ________ ONE CELL DIVIDES TWICE MAKING FOUR DIFFERENT CELLS | MEIOSIS |
| DURING ________ ALL 4 CELLS ARE HAPLOID MEANING THEY HAVE HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES FOUND IN THE PARENT CELL | MEIOSIS |
| THE PROCESS OF ________ MAKES GAMETES | MEIOSIS |
| GAMETES | SEX CELLS |
| MALE GAMETES | SPERM |
| FEMALE GAMETES | EGGS |
| OCCURS IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE | FERTILIZATION |
| A FERTILIZED EGG IS CALLED A ________ AND CONTAINS THE FULL SET OF CHROMOSOMES | ZYGOTE |
| THE FETUS DEVELOLPS IN THE __________. | UTERUS |
| AS CELLS DIVIDE THEY START TO _____________, WHICH FORMS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS (NERVE, SKIN, BONE, ETC) | DIFFERENTIATE |
| HUMANS HAVE _____ PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES | 23 PAIRS (TOTAL OF 46 CHROMOSOMES) |
| WHILE GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS, _____________ EFFECTS EXPRESSION OF GENES. | THE ENVIRONMENT |
| HUNDREDES AND THOUSANDS OF __________ ARE ON CHROMOSOMES. | GENES |
| DNA IS MADE OF 4 BASES _ _ _ _ | A T C G |
| A 3 LETTER CODON REPRESENTS A __________. | SPECIFIC AMINO ACID |
| RNA CARRIES THE GENETIC CODE TO __________. | THE RIBOSOMES |
| CHANGES IN DNA ARE CALLED ___________. | MUTATIONS |
| MUTATIONS CAN ONLY BE PASSED ON IF THEY OCCUR IN ________. | SEX CELLS (GAMETES) |
| PRODUCES ANIMALS AND PLANTS WITH DESIRED TRAITS EX: DISEASE RESISTANCE, LARGER FRUIT..) | SELECTIVE BREEDING |
| INSERTING GENES OF ONE ORGANISM INTO THE GENES OF ANOTHER | GENETIC GENGINEERING (RECOMBINANT DNA) |
| _______ HELP DIAGNOSE GENETIC DIESEASE BY LOOKING AT THE CHROMOSOMES THROUGH PICTURE FORM | KARYOTYPING |
| STATES THAT MODERN SPECIES EVOLVED FROM EARLIER DIFFERENT SPECIES AND SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR | EVOLUTION |
| CHARLES DARWIN (FATHER OF EVOLUTION) PROPOSED THAT ________ IS THE MECHANISM THAT CAUSES SECIES TO CHANGE | NATURAL SELECTION |
| ORGANISMS BETTER ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND ABLE TO REPRODUCE SUCCESSFULLY ARE CONSIDERED "FIT" | SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST |
| SPECIES WITH MORE _______ ARE BETTER ABLE TO SURVIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES | VARIATION |
| YOU MUST UNDERSTAND HOW ORGANISMS INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENTS | FOOD WEBS, FOOD CHAINS, NUTRIENT CYCLES |
| ENERGY IS NEEDED TO KEEP UP AN ECOSYSTEM. THE ENERGY COMES FROM THE _______ AND IS MADE USABLE BY ________. | COMES FROM THE SUN AND USED BY PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS) |
| ENERGY IS PASSED ON TO OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE FORM OF FOOD. SINCE ALL ORGANISMS MUST USE ENERGY FOR THEIR OWN NEEDS, MOST ENERGY IS LOST BEFORE IT CAN BE PASSED TO THE NEXT STEP IN THE FOOD CHAIN | ENERGY RECEIVED DECREASES AS YOU MOVE UP THE FOOD CHAIN |
| NAME SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE WHICH ORGANISMS CAN LIVE IN AN ECOSYSTEM (ABIOTIC FACTORS) | AIR, WATER, TEMP, LIGHT, pH, SOIL ETC... |
| THERE ARE MANY ROLES / __________THAT ORGANISMS HAVE IN EVERY ECOSYSTEM | NICHES |
| ______ BETWEEN SPECIES USUALLY RESULTS IN ONLY ONE SPECIES OCCUPYING A NICHE AT ANY ONE TIME. | COMPETITION |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | REPLACEMENT OF NEW ECOSYSTEM |
| REFERS TO THE VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH | BIODIVERSITY |
| ACTIONS BEING TAKEN BY HUMANS TO REDUCE OR REPAIR DAMAGE TO TEH ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE | REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE, USING CLEANER RESOURCES EX: SOLAR ENERGY VS FOSSIL FUELS, FARMING NATIVE PLANTS, PLANTING TREES, |
| PRODUCER | PLANT |
| HERBIVORE | EAT PLANTS ONLY |
| CARNIVORES | MEAT EATERS |
| OMNIVORES | EAT BOTH MEAT AND PLANTS |
| RENEWABLE RESOURCES VS. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES | SOLAR ENERGY VS BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS |
| WHY IS ACID RAIN A PROBLEM? | aquatic life are very sensitive to the slightest change in pH. Cause- pollution |
| CAUSE OF DEFORESTATION | CUTTING DOWN OF FORESTS FOR WOOD, HOW ARE WE WORKING TO FIX THIS? FOR EVERY 1 TREE CUT DOWN, 2 MORE MUST BE PLANTED |
| WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING? | POLLUTION CAUSES EXCESS C02 IN THE ATMOSPHERE WHICH TRAPS IN HEAT LIKE A BLANKET, EVEN ONE DEGREE OF HEAT COULD BE ENOUGH TO MELT THE ICE CAPS CAUSING RISE IN SEA LEVEL / SEVERE FLOODING |
| LOSS OF THE OZONE LAYER | O3 (OZONE) IS A PROTECTIVE GAS IN OUR ATMOSPHERE THAT GETS BROKEN DOWN BY HARMFUL CFC'S (FOUND IN AEROSOLS ). THIS BREAKDOWN IS BAD BC IT ALLOWS HARMFUL UV RAYS TO PENETRATE THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHE CAUSING SKIN CANCER, EYE PROBLEMS AND DAMAGE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM |
