| A | B |
|---|
| natural barriers | Natural objects such as cataracts or rivers that protect countries from invaders or prevent invaders from taking over cities. |
| sundiata | first king of Mali |
| Mansa Musa | a ruler of Mali who extended the kingdom, practied Islam, created Timbuktu, he also used Mecca to give gold to the poor |
| Swahili | the city states on the east coast of Africa below the horn from 9th to 13th c. They were based on trade (arabs, persia, indians) and mainly exported ivory, animal products, spices, and slaves, and imported silk and glass |
| Muhammad | founder or islam or muslim (never really sure which one to use) in 1610. He claimed to be the 'final profit'. islam or muslim reformed all of the middle east, and transformed it into a thriving civilization. |
| Islam | religion that transformed all of the midddle east, founded by muhammed in 1610. |
| Qur'an | the sacred text of Islam followed by both Sunnis and Shiites |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1)Faith in Allah 2). Pray 5x a day 3). Charity or alms 4). Fasting during Ramadan 5).Pilgrimage to Meca. The five pillars are stated in the Islamic holy text, the Qur'an. |
| Jihad | "holywar"- created by Muslims. it says that you may not attack someone else unless they are showing aggression. this is very vague and has been interpreted in many different ways. |
| theocracy | a system of government in which a religious leader is the leader of the government. |
| Umayyad Dynasty | 661 - 750, they made the Sunnis happy because they inherited rule. They conquered Spain, North Africa, and Central Asia. They created a poll-tax for non-Muslims that caused a revolt |
| Abbasid Dynasty | 750 - 1258 CE, they declared that all Muslims are equal, they were related to Muhammad, and they made the empire much larger. However, they also lost a central political control. |
| Sunni | made up 90% of the Islam population, as opposed to the 10% Shi'ite. A sect of Islam that believes a ruler does not need to be a blood relative of Muhammad to rule, they just need to follow the Qur'an. Most the world is Sunni besides Iran and Iraq. |
| Shi'ite | religious sect of islam. persians were sunni. They believe that to rule one had to be decent from Muhammad---rivals of the Sunnis. Minority |
| Arabic Numerals | a number system invented in India very similar to what we have today (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,) |
| Astrolabe | the first device know to the islamic world that shows directions. It allowed travel by sea which led to greater trade between nations |
| Closing of the Gates | For Muslims, in 1000 ce the ulamas (religious council) say they are done teaching and Islam has no more big advances |
| Gupta Dynasty | - 320 - 480CE, India, continued the caste system, effective rulers who unified Northern India for the first time in 500 years. They had trade with southeast Asia. The re-developed writing - Sanskrit. They were Hinduist and Buddhist. They invented the 0, decimal system, arabic numerals, astronomy, and advances in medicine. |
| Delhi Sultanate | kingdom, capital city, in the late 12th-15th c. this was the second wave of Islam that arrived in North India |
