| A | B |
|---|
| natural barriers | Natural objects such as cataracts or rivers that protect countries from invaders or prevent invaders from taking over cities. |
| sundiata | first king of Mali |
| Mansa Musa | a ruler of Mali who extended the kingdom, practied Islam, created Timbuktu, he also used Mecca to give gold to the poor |
| Swahili | the city states on the east coast of Africa below the horn from 9th to 13th c. They were based on trade (arabs, persia, indians) and mainly exported ivory, animal products, spices, and slaves, and imported silk and glass |
| Muhammad | founder or islam or muslim (never really sure which one to use) in 1610. He claimed to be the 'final profit'. islam or muslim reformed all of the middle east, and transformed it into a thriving civilization. |
| Islam | religion that transformed all of the midddle east, founded by muhammed in 1610. |
| Qur'an | the sacred text of Islam followed by both Sunnis and Shiites |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1)Faith in Allah 2). Pray 5x a day 3). Charity or alms 4). Fasting during Ramadan 5).Pilgrimage to Meca. The five pillars are stated in the Islamic holy text, the Qur'an. |
| Jihad | "holywar"- created by Muslims. it says that you may not attack someone else unless they are showing aggression. this is very vague and has been interpreted in many different ways. |
| theocracy | a system of government in which a religious leader is the leader of the government. |
| Umayyad Dynasty | 661 - 750, they made the Sunnis happy because they inherited rule. They conquered Spain, North Africa, and Central Asia. They created a poll-tax for non-Muslims that caused a revolt |
| Abbasid Dynasty | 750 - 1258 CE, they declared that all Muslims are equal, they were related to Muhammad, and they made the empire much larger. However, they also lost a central political control. |
| Sunni | made up 90% of the Islam population, as opposed to the 10% Shi'ite. A sect of Islam that believes a ruler does not need to be a blood relative of Muhammad to rule, they just need to follow the Qur'an. Most the world is Sunni besides Iran and Iraq. |
| Shi'ite | religious sect of islam. persians were sunni. They believe that to rule one had to be decent from Muhammad---rivals of the Sunnis. Minority |
| Arabic Numerals | a number system invented in India very similar to what we have today (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,) |
| Astrolabe | the first device know to the islamic world that shows directions. It allowed travel by sea which led to greater trade between nations |
| Closing of the Gates | For Muslims, in 1000 ce the ulamas (religious council) say they are done teaching and Islam has no more big advances |
| Gupta Dynasty | - 320 - 480CE, India, continued the caste system, effective rulers who unified Northern India for the first time in 500 years. They had trade with southeast Asia. The re-developed writing - Sanskrit. They were Hinduist and Buddhist. They invented the 0, decimal system, arabic numerals, astronomy, and advances in medicine. |
| Delhi Sultanate | kingdom, capital city, in the late 12th-15th c. this was the second wave of Islam that arrived in North India |
| Qin Dynasty | ruled by Shih Huang-di after the Era of the Warring States. Also following Confucianism, Legalism, and Doaism. |
| Shih Huang-Di | 221 - 206 BCE, Shi-Huang-di was the first emperorof the Qin dynasty. He unified China, collected taxes, built the Great Wall, built a palace, conquered new territory, tortured opponents, burned Confucian books, and buried scholars alive |
| Legalism | a way of rule where laws are harshly enforced on citizens |
| Han Dynasty | - 202 BCE - 220 CE, There was a social heirarchy with mandarins at the top. It as a monarchy with a beurocracy and meritocracy. There was a lot of agriculture - mainly wheat and rice. Sima Qian was the first historian. They also had a lot of literature, poetry, caligraphy, and art |
| Silk Road | the most popular asian-european trade route. it received its name from Chinese most prized trading posession,silk. |
| Confucianism | religion based a lot on family rituals, worship of ancestors, relationships: father, son brother, brother ruler, subject friend,friend |
| Mandate of Heaven | the claim that the Chinese used to justify their taking over the government by force. they said that God justifies them as ruler because if God wanted another royal family, they would be stronger |
| Magnetic Compass | Created by the chinese, helped navigate and find new territories |
| Tang Dynasty | 618-907 CE, followed similarly to previous dynasties except this time had a Golden Age, where arts fluctuated; the university system was expanded, and more contact was started with other countries. |
| Song Dynasty | 960-1279 CE similar to the Tang Dynasty except that the social hierarchy changes, by the merchants rising in status and the soldier's status's dropping. Also, the Mongols from the north become more aggresive |
| Moveable Type Printing | A chinese invention that allowed people to copy books. It allowed the literacy rate of people to rise whereas the price of books lowered |
| gunpowder | Originally invented by the Chinese, gun powder spread through the silk road to Europe where it was later refined to be used as a weapon. The chinese merely used it for fireworks! |
| Shinto | A religion practiced in Japan which was very similar to animism; they believed in nature spirits |
| Shogun | In Japan's Feudalism, shogun's were the leaders in practice, although the emperor had a higher rank. Shogun's were ruled in dynasties, and had samurais to protect themselves. |
| Samurai | In the Japanese Feudalism system, samurais were the vassals, and served as warriors loyal to protecting their shogun. |
| Kamakura Shogunate | - A shogunate in Japan which lasted from 1185-1333; built new capital; used Zen Buddhism (meditation); attacked twice by Mongols and Japan wins, but the fight weakens the shogunate financially and they get overthrown |
| Ashikaga Shogunate | A shogunate in Japan which lasted from 1336-1573; founders of the "dual way" (the daimyo/samurai were required to be both good soldiers and good artists) |
| Daimyo | The high lords in Japanese feudalism |
| "Dual Way" | The values of the samurai. They should be able to fight and b warriors but also be artsy and poetic |
| Mongols | A group of pastoral nomads who lived in the Steppes of Mongolia; not very technologically or agriculturally advanced; under Ghengis Khan, they built the largest empire in the world |
| Genghis Khan | The head of the Mongol army; lead the Mongols to create the world's largest empire (13th century) |
| Pax Mongolica | a period of peace in Mongolia |
| Reformation | an attempt by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Martin Luther | Did not blieve in Church Officials.Wrote the 95 thesis on what hethought was wrong with the church. He was excommunicated from the church and starts his own religion called Lutheranism. |
| INDULGENCES | the catholic church sold indulgences to "cancel out" previous sin so one could go to heaven. |
| Justification by faith | ML belief that you will go to heaven as long as you believe that you have been faithfull to the Christian Religion. |
| Printing Press | A machine that allowed documents to be copied in great quantities |
| John Calvin | A Swiss lawyer who beleived in separation of Church and State and that hard work and strict morals lead to a good life. CREATOR OF CALVANISM |
| Anabaptism | a Protestant sect that supports the idea of adult baptism and pacificim. |
| Henry VIII | English leader who wanted to divorce his wife but the Pope wouldnt allow it. He introduced the Episcopalian |
| Counter-Reformation | -the Chatholic church's response to the Protestant Reformation. |
| Peace of Augsberg | German t was signed in 1555 and it ended the German civil wars by allowing eachPrince to choose Catholicisim or Lutheranism for his state. |
| Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry the IV which made France tolerant of all forms of Christianity.( |
| Absolutism | a way of rule where a monarch had absolute power. Many countries such as England, Prussia, Russia, and France succeed or attempted to install this form of government. |
| English Civil War | 1642-1649 was a war between Parliament and Charles 1 when he excluded Parliament until he wanted a standing army, in order to achieve a government of absolutism |
| Constitutionalism | a type of monarch where the ruler has limited power. |
| Loius XIV | King of france from 1643-1715. Built Versailles for nobles, and enjoyed an extravagant lifestyle. Was very nosey in social events, having his spies report back gossip to him, and taking attendance at all events. Good |
| James II | became ruler after Charles the Second and married Caltholic woman when England was the religion of Anglicalism so people were suspicious of him. He got the hint and fled from the country to France. |
| Glorious Revolution | the glorious revolution is when james II fled england, and was replaced by his daughter mary, and her husband william the prince of orange. it is called the glorious revolution because no blood was shed during it (1688 - 1689) |
| William I and Mary | past rulers of The Netherlands; Mary was the daughter of James the Second; selected by Parliament to rule over England but inable to become king/queen, they had to sign the Bill of Rights. |
| Frederick WIlliam The Great Elector | Prussian Ruler who helped his heirs develop one of the best Absolutist governments in Europe |
| Maria Theresa | (1740-1780) ruler of Austria who divided the country religiously |
| Peter I the Great | Russian Absolutist leader who followed Ivan the terrible. Peter led a very strong Absolutist country |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Ruler of the Ottoman Empire who conquered territory, had religious tolerance, rebuilt Istanbul, and made a law code for his empire |
| Janissaries | the poeple that make up elite army unit of the devshirme system |
| devshirme | a system for christians and not muslim because the Qu'ran says its illegal. Young adults are taken away from home forever and treated and considered “privelaged slaves” |
| Shah Abbas I | King of Persia, built new capital city (Isfahan) *sponsored arts: textiles (especially carpets), ceramics, architecture, made alliances with Eureans vs Ottomans |
| Mughal Dynasy | Descendants from Mongols. Founded by Babur. Mostly hindu and "Mughals" are Sunni muslims |
| Akbar the Great | they key Ruler of the Mughal Dynasty. Conquered all of India, repealed the jizya, Made a new capital city |
| Jizya | tax on non-muslims |
| Marco Polo | European Explorer who explored Mongolia and the silk road |
| Feudalism | a form of government based on contract. the lord gives land to vassals in exchange for protection and they give land to their vassals for protection and so on |
| Serf | a person who lives on a lord/vassals property and is half-slave, half-free and works in exchange for a home |
| Vasaal | in medieval europe, a person,usually a noble, who owed feudal duties to a superior. |
| Three Estates | Clergy less than 1% 2. Nobles 2-3% 3. Everone Else most of population |
| Crusades | A series of holy wars to recapture the "holy land" (Palestine) for Christian Europe; Christians vs. Muslims; last nearly 100 years (starts in 1096) |
| bourgeoisie | The middle class of the 3 estates |
| William the Conquerer | (1066-1087) he appoints UNPAID nobles as government officials. Nobles are unpaid, but have status. 1 Law throughout kingdom. Very successful |
| Phillip II Augustus | (1179-1223) Unifies country. Hired PAID officials, not nobles. Controls army and taxes. Very successful |
| Investiture Controversy | (1075-1122) Between Henry IV and Gregory VII. Ends in compromise and helps government give power to state |
| Black Death/Bubonic Plague | (1346-1350) Contagious from rat bites. 1/3 of Europeans died. Caused a social breakdown. Less taxes and serfdom ends. Obsession with death and whipping yourself. Signs of plague were swollen glands |
| Hundred Years' War | (1337-1453) France vs. England. Political dispute with feudalism. Wool trade both wanted to tax. England leads for most but France wins because of Joan of Arc |
| Joan of Arc | An inspiration to the French in the Hundred Years War.She was accused of heresy and was killed |
| Great Schism | 1377-1417) Italians pick new pope. Then they had two popes and it created a rebellion in England.- |
| Renaissance | Italian began in the 14-15th c. was a rebirth of Classical (Greek and Roman) civilization. Key ideas: humanism, secularism, and individualism-Northern had a great emphasis on Christianity, and head reformers were Thomas More, Erasmus. |
| Humanism | philosophy that gives the hope and purpose for all people. |
| Francesco Petrarch | the key thinker of humanistic ideas |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | He wrote the book "The Prince" and said that it was better for a ruler to be feared than for a ruler to be loved |
| Michelangelo | was an Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor. |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Italian painter also known as the"renaissance man" |
| Hernan Cortes | conquered mexico EDIT: conquered Aztecs in 1521, from Spain, very evil, enslaved the Aztecs and completely abolished their way of life |
| encomienda | Issued by Bartolomeo de Las casas to stop the evil slave trade in the Americas and Carribean.( |
| Inquisition | opposed on heretics of the roman catholic church |
| Vasco da Gama | First person to sail around he Horn of Good Hope (Africa) up to India and back home to Portugal. |
| Christopher Columbus | thought that he had found India but instead found the Americas; funded by Spanish government because he couldn't get any funding from his homeland which was England. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | sailed around the tip of Africa all the way to Portugal; killed from getting in a fight with the natives; only a handful of survivors came back.(brandon) EDIT: Ferdinand Magellan was the fist person to circumnavigate around the world, killed in the Phillipines.( |
| Mercantilism | a way of colonizing places to make exports > imports EDIT: countries made their colonies sell there goods to them, for a very low price. the countries then restricted the colonies trade imports, so that they could only buy from their mother country. the mother country then charged extremely high prices for the goods. |
| Columbian Exchange | Trade between the americas and Europeans...Americas received "modern" technology and disease and Europe got spices and Tea and Tobacco and other products specefic to the agriculture of America |
| Thirty Years' War | religious conflict lead to a large war- settled by the peace of westpahlia |
